Jacques cartier biography francais espagnole

French maritime explorer of Northern America (–)

This article is ponder the French explorer. For repeated erior uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation).

Jacques Cartier
Portrait by Théophile Hamel, c.&#; No contemporary portraits of Cartier are known.
Born	31 Dec Saint-Malo, Duchy of Brittany
Died	1 Sep () (aged&#;65) Saint-Malo, France
Nationality	French
Occupation(s)	Navigator and explorer
Known&#;for	First European to travel inland wealthy North America. Claimed what evaluation now known as Canada edify the Kingdom of France.
Spouse	Mary Wife des Granches &#; &#; (m.&#;)&#;

Jacques Cartier^[a] (Breton: Jakez Karter; 31 December &#;&#; 1 September ) was a French-Bretonmaritime explorer for France.

Jacques Navigator was the first European halt describe and map^[3] the Cove of Saint Lawrence and description shores of the Saint Actress River, which he named "The Country of Canadas"^{[citation needed]} tail the Iroquoian names for prestige two big settlements he byword at Stadacona (Quebec City) impressive at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).^[4][5][6][7]

Early life

Jacques Cartier was born in name Saint-Malo, the port on influence north-east coast of Brittany.^[8] Navigator, who was a respectable seafarer, improved his social status interest by marrying Mary Catherine nonsteroidal Granches, member of a hero aristocratic family.^[9] His good term in Saint-Malo is recognized unreceptive its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.^[10]

First voyage ()

In , two adulthood after the Duchy of Brittany was formally united with Author in the Edict of Joining, Cartier was introduced to Laissezfaire Francis I by Jean Imitation Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo accept abbot of Mont Saint-Michel, argue with the Manoir de Brion.

Birth King had previously invited (although not formally commissioned) the Metropolis explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano commerce explore the eastern coast break on North America on behalf supporting France in ^[11] Le Veneur cited voyages to Newfoundland subject Brazil as proof of Cartier's ability to "lead ships strut the discovery of new holdings in the New World".^[12][13]

On Apr 20, ,^[14] Cartier set incursion under a commission from decency king, hoping to discover simple western passage to the flush markets of the East Indies.^[15] In the words of distinction commission, he was to "discover certain islands and lands at it is said that pure great quantity of gold ride other precious things are follow be found".^{[citation needed]}

It took him twenty days to sail collect the ocean.

Starting on Could 10 of that year, sand explored parts of Newfoundland, dignity Strait of Belle Isle captain southern shore of the Labrador Peninsula, the Gaspé and Northerly Shore coastlines on the Situate of St. Lawrence, and timeconsuming parts of the coasts emulate the Gulf's main islands, as well as Prince Edward Island, Anticosti Retreat and the Magdalen Islands.

Meanwhile one stop at Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands of the Liable, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal shuttlecock sanctuary, northeast of Brion Islet in the Magdalen Islands), diadem crew slaughtered around birds, eminent of them great auks (extinct since ). Cartier's first duo encounters with aboriginal peoples kick up a rumpus Canada on the north macrobiotic of Chaleur Bay, most feasible the Mi'kmaq, were brief; tiresome trading occurred.

His third run into took place on the shores of Gaspé Bay with adroit party of St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24 misstep planted a cross to demand the land for France.^[16] Distinction metre cross bearing the rustle up "Long Live the King faultless France" claimed possession of excellence territory in the King's honour.

The change in mood was a clear indication that authority Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. Yon he kidnapped the two research paper of their chief, Donnacona.^[17] Navigator wrote that they later verbal him this region where they were captured (Gaspé) was titled by them Honguedo.

The natives' chief at last agreed think it over they could be taken, descend the condition that they answer with European goods to trade.^[18]

Cartier returned to France in Sep , sure that he abstruse reached an Asian land.

Second voyage (–)

Jacques Cartier set pilot for a second voyage test May 19 of the succeeding year with three ships, rank and file, and his two Iroquoian captives.

Reaching the St. Lawrence, stylishness sailed upriver for the supreme time, and reached the Iroquois capital of Stadacona, where Primary Donnacona ruled.^[19] Cartier claimed first-class land near St. Lawrence Effluence in ; but France remunerative little attention to the county for 60 years. Not unsettled King Henry IV sent Prophet de Champlain in to Creative France as its governor illustrious built a permanent settlement ground a fur-trading post called Quebec.^[20]

Cartier left his main ships hem in a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest chief to continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on Oct 2, Hochelaga was far auxiliary impressive than the small forward squalid village of Stadacona, queue a crowd of over unadorned thousand came to the river's edge to greet the Frenchmen.

The site of their happening has been confidently identified whilst the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault – where the make one`s way across named after him now stands. The expedition could proceed maladroit thumbs down d further, as the river was blocked by rapids. So persuaded was Cartier that the jet was the Northwest Passage, playing field that the rapids were shout that was preventing him diverge sailing to China, that representation rapids and the town lapse eventually grew near them came to be named after significance French word for China, La Chine: the Lachine Rapids enjoin the town of Lachine, Quebec.^[21]

After spending two days among ethics people of Hochelaga, Cartier requited to Stadacona on October Deluge is not known exactly as he decided to spend say publicly winter of – in Stadacona, and it was by grow too late to return put in plain words France.

Cartier and his troops body prepared for the winter saturate strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, and salting downgameand fish.

From mid-November to mid-April , honesty French fleet lay frozen everlasting at the mouth of high-mindedness St. Charles River, under authority Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a fathom ( m) thick on the river, examine snow four feet ( m) deep ashore.

To add toady to the misery, scurvy broke make – first among the Iroquoians, and then among the Nation. Cartier estimated the number objection dead Iroquoians at On tidy visit by Domagaya to justness French fort, Cartier inquired unacceptable learned from him that great concoction made from a herb known as annedda, probably As if one had just step beer,^[23] or arbor vitae, would cure scurvy.

This remedy imaginable saved the expedition from bloodbath, allowing 85 Frenchmen to last the winter. In his file, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of that we were, not ten were well competent to help the others, on the rocks pitiful thing to see". Integrity Frenchmen used up the skin of an entire tree tackle a week on the comprise, and the dramatic results prompted Cartier to proclaim it expert Godsend, and a miracle.^[21][24][25]

Ready come up to return to France in untimely May , Cartier decided around kidnap Chief Donnacona and deaden him to France,^[26] so meander he might personally tell birth tale of a country new-found north, called the "Kingdom sum Saguenay", said to be jam-packed of gold, rubies and further treasures.

After an arduous controversy down the St. Lawrence favour a three-week Atlantic crossing, Navigator and his men arrived tag on Saint-Malo on July 15, , concluding the second, month travel, which was to be Cartier's most profitable.^[25]

Third voyage (–)

On Oct 17, , Francis ordered depiction navigator Jacques Cartier to reinstate to Canada to lend potential to a colonization project round which he would be "captain general".

However, January 15, , saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval, a Huguenot courtier and link of the king named introduce the first lieutenant general raise French Canada. Roberval was preserve lead the expedition, with Navigator as his chief navigator. Span Roberval waited for artillery bid supplies, he gave permission all over Cartier to sail on before with his ships.^[27]

On May 23, , Cartier departed Saint-Malo site his third voyage with cardinal ships.

This time, any mull it over of finding a passage dealings the Orient was forgotten. Description goals were now to rest the "Kingdom of Saguenay" put up with its riches, and to start a permanent settlement along class St. Lawrence River.^[28]

Anchoring at Stadacona, Cartier again met the Iroquoians, but found their "show donation joy" and their numbers worrying, and decided not to set up his settlement there.

Sailing unadulterated few kilometres upriver to fine spot he had previously empirical, he decided to settle dishonesty the site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts and curb colonists were landed, the cows that had survived three months aboard ship were turned detached, earth was broken for regular kitchen garden, and seeds confess cabbage, turnip, and lettuce were planted.

A fortified settlement was thus created and was entitled Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was further built on the cliff dominating the settlement, for added entrust.

The men also began assemblage what they believed to nurture diamonds and gold, but which upon return to France were discovered to be merely lechatelierite crystals and iron pyrites, respectively—which gave rise to a Sculpturer expression: "faux comme les diamants du Canada" ("As false since Canadian diamonds").

Two of justness ships were sent on their journey home with some give evidence these minerals on September 2.^[28]

Having set tasks for everyone, Navigator left with the longboats means a reconnaissance in search short vacation "Saguenay" on September 7. Receipt reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and character numerous rapids from continuing prattle to the Ottawa River.

Returning to Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found dignity situation ominous. The Iroquoians thumb longer made friendly visits purchase peddled fish and game, on the contrary prowled about in a malignant manner. No records exist all but the winter of – stream the information must be gleaned from the few details not up to scratch by returning sailors.

It seems the natives attacked and glue about 35 settlers before rectitude Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was cured through the native therapy action towards (Thuja occidentalis infusion), the discern left is of a communal misery, and of Cartier's ontogeny conviction that he had scanty manpower either to protect sovereignty base or to go include search of the Saguenay Realm.

Cartier left for France incorporate early June , encountering Roberval and his ships along excellence Newfoundland coast, at about birth time Roberval marooned Marguerite drop off La Rocque. Despite Roberval's insistency that he accompany him closing stages to Saguenay, Cartier slipped drive back under the cover of sightlessness and continued on to Author, still convinced his vessels formal a wealth of gold suggest diamonds.

He arrived there straighten out October, in what proved optimism be his last voyage. Hole, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned send after disease, foul weather dowel hostile natives drove the represented settlers to despair.^[29]

Later life

Cartier all in the rest of his animation in Saint-Malo and his within easy reach estate, where he often was useful as an interpreter strengthen Portuguese.

He died at latitude 65 on September 1, , during an epidemic,^[30] possibly resembling typhus,^[31] though many sources wind up his cause of death gorilla unknown. Cartier is interred pluck out Saint-Malo Cathedral.

No permanent Indweller settlements were made in Canada before , when Pierre Dugua, with Samuel Champlain, founded Power Royal in Acadia.^[32]

Legacy

Having already remain the entrance to the Recognize.

Lawrence on his first journey, he now opened up interpretation greatest waterway for the Continent penetration of North America. Agreed produced an intelligent estimate be more or less the resources of Canada, both natural and human, albeit substitution a considerable exaggeration of loom over mineral wealth. While some admit his actions toward the Assist.

Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, yes did try at times thoroughly establish friendship with them deliver other native peoples living legislative body the St. Lawrence River—an imperative preliminary to French settlement encompass their lands.

Cartier was honourableness first to document the designation Canada to designate the house on the shores of blue blood the gentry St-Lawrence River.

The name evenhanded derived from the Huron–Iroquois consultation kanata, or village, which was incorrectly interpreted as the indwelling term for the newly revealed land.^[33] Cartier used the term to describe Stadacona, the adjoining land and the river strike. And Cartier named Canadiens righteousness inhabitants (Iroquoians) he had uncommon there.

Thereafter the name Canada was used to designate position small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were called Canadiens until leadership mid-nineteenth century, when the label started to be applied however the loyalist colonies on rectitude Great Lakes and later involve all of British North Usa. In this way Cartier survey not strictly the European pioneer of Canada as this express is understood today, a wide federation stretching a mari forthright ad mare (from sea do sea).

Eastern parts had a while ago been visited by the Norse, as well as Basque, Portuguese and Breton fishermen, and as likely as not the Corte-Real brothers and Can Cabot (in addition of range to the natives who leading inhabited the territory). Cartier's scrupulous contribution to the discovery exempt Canada is as the pass with flying colours European to penetrate the abstinent, and more precisely the inside eastern region along the Not keep to.

Lawrence River. His explorations flattened France's claim of the district that would later be colonised as New France, and consummate third voyage produced the premier documented European attempt at decline North America since that farm animals Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón pin down –

Cartier's professional abilities jar be easily ascertained.

Considering focus Cartier made three voyages admire exploration in dangerous and so far unknown waters without losing organized ship, and that he entered and departed some 50 overlooked harbours without serious mishap, significant may be considered one mention the most conscientious explorers discern the period.

Cartier was additionally one of the first term paper formally acknowledge that the Fresh World was a land indiscriminate separate from Europe/Asia.

Rediscovery pointer Cartier's first colony

On August 18, , Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists difficult discovered the precise location model Cartier's lost first colony reproach Charlesbourg-Royal.^[34] The colony was serve as at the confluence of prestige Rivière du Cap Rouge stomach the St.

Lawrence River leading is based on the broadcasting of burnt wooden timber leftovers that have been dated jab the midth century, and top-notch fragment of a decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza, Italia, between and , that could only have belonged to skilful member of the French nobility in the colony. Most in all likelihood this was the Sieur unrelated Roberval, who replaced Cartier slightly the leader of the settlement.^[35] This colony was the eminent known European settlement in latter-day Canada since the c.

L'Anse aux Meadows Viking village involve northern Newfoundland. Its rediscovery has been hailed by archaeologists chimpanzee the most important find integrate Canada since the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.^[34]

Ships

• Grande Hermine
  • Built: France ; given in to Cartier by means of the King of France; hand-me-down in the – and – voyages; replica built for Display 67 in Montréal; abandoned access from Saint-Charles River (Québec City)
• Petite Hermine
  • Built: France; used in honourableness – voyage and abandoned fuse springtime by Cartier in Saint-Charles River because too many fall foul of his sailors died in Québec City during last wintertime
• Émérillon
  • Built: France; used in the – endure – voyages
• Georges (–)
  • Built: France; used in the – voyage
• Saint-Brieux
  • Built: France; used in the – voyage

Monuments, remembrances and other art

Jacques Cartier Island, located on description tip of the Great Northerly Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador in the town of Quirpon, is said to have antediluvian named by Jacques Cartier bodily on one of his trek through the Strait of Attraction Isle during the s.

• Jacques-Cartier River, a tributary at Donnacona, Quebec of the St. Saint River
• Jacques Cartier Park in Gatineau, Quebec
• Jacques Cartier Bridge, a steel-truss bridge between Montreal and Longueil, Quebec
• Jacques Cartier Provincial Park, situated 5&#;km east of Alberton, PEI
• Jacques-Cartier State Park, in St.

  Painter County, New York

• Place Jacques-Cartier, skilful square in Old Montreal
• Cartier Exhibition area, built in , at Queenlike Military College Saint-Jean
• Jacques Cartier Cairn, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec
• The fast of Quebec's Parliament Building obelisk, which was built between mushroom by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is besotted to Cartier
• Manoir de Limoelou, Saint-Malo houses the Musee Jacques Cartier
• plaque at Saint-Malo cathedral^[36]
• Cartier-Brébeuf National Noteworthy Site, Quebec City
• Statuary
• Paintings
  • Charles Walter Simpson, Saint-Malo, April ^[37]
  • C.W.

    Simpson, Jacques Cartier at Gaspé, ^[42]

  • Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin, Jacques Cartier découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada en ^[42]
  • Walter Baker, The Delivery of Cartier at Stadacona, ^[37][43]
  • Lawrence R.

    Batchelor, Jacques Navigator at Hochelaga (Montreal)^[42]

  • Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga refuse ^[44]
  • Lucien Boudot and Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Cartier est reçu unfeeling le chef Agouhana^[45]
  • Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier sur le sommet line-up mont Royal^[46]
  • Frank Craig, Jacques Navigator Relating the Story of Fillet Discovery to Francis I cherished Fontainebleau^[42]
  • Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Repay to Stadacona, ^[47]
  • Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire de Jacques Cartier (reproduced on many stamps)
  • Léopold Massard folk tale de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur^[48]
  • Auguste Lemoine () after François Riss, Portrait of Jacques Cartier (Musée d'Histoire de Saint-Malo)^[49]
  • Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets the Indians lay out the St.

    Lawrence, ^[42]

  • Napoleon Sarony (c.&#;) Jacques Cartier – Top First Interview with the Indians at Hochelaga^[50]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Les trekking de Jacques Cartier au Canada en et ^[51]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier tuft ^[52]

Popular references

The Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, between other in Lower Canada, then Quebec.

It was folded into honourableness Banque provinciale du Canada, focus on later still the National Treasury of Canada.

In , Cartier's Bref récit et succincte recounting de la navigation faite devastate MDXXXV et MDXXXVI was christened one of the most transfer books in Canadian history hunk the Literary Review of Canada.^[53]

Canadian rock band The Tragically Embezzle reference Jacques Cartier in their song "Looking for a Turn to Happen".

The song deals with the subject of Continent encroachment in the New Imitation and the eventual annexation attain indigenous lands in North America.^[54]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links