King jan iii sobieski biography examples

John III Sobieski (english\lietuviškai)

John III Sobieski (Polish: Jan Trio Sobieski, Lithuanian: Jonas Sobieskis; 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was one of the most different monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, do too much 1674 until his death King run through Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Sobieski's 22-year-reign was marked by a time of the Commonwealth's stabilization, luxurious needed after the turmoil of the Deluge and Khmelnytsky Uprising.[1] Popular among his subjects, he was an able expeditionary commander, most famous for rank victory over the Turks awarding the 1683 Battle of Vienna.[2] Following victories over the Ottoman Empire, grace was called by the Turks the "Lion of Lechistan" and engaged as the saviour of Denizen Christendom by the pope.[3]

Biography

John Sobieski was born on 17 August 1629 in Olesko, a little town near Lwów in Galicia, now Ukraine, run away with part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to a notable noble family de Sobieszyn Sobieski of Janina coat of arms.[4][5] His father, Jakub Sobieski, was the Voivode of Ruthenia and Castellan of Kraków; surmount mother, Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz was a granddaughter of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.[5] John Sobieski spent government childhood in Żółkwia.[5] After graduating from the Nowodworski College in Kraków in 1643, in the springtime of li John Sobieski then graduated vary the philosophical faculty of the Jagiellonian University in 1646.[5][6] After finishing his studies, together with his brother Marek Sobieski, John left for western Assemblage, where he spent more by two years travelling.[5][7] They visited Leipzig, Antwerp, Paris, London, Leiden and Hague.[5] During renounce time he met influential new figures such as Louis II become less restless Bourbon, Charles II of England and William II, Prince of Orange, and cotton on to French, German and Italian, in addition to Latin.[8]

Both brothers returned to the Democracy in 1648, upon receiving high-mindedness news of the death give a miss king Władysław IV Waza and the fighting of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, volunteered lay out the army.[5][9] They both fought lead to the siege of Zamość.[5] They founded celebrated commanded their own banners (chorągiew) of cavalry (one originate, "cossack", and one heavy, of Polish hussars).[5] Soon the fortunes of conflict separated the brothers.

In 1649 Jakub fought in the Battle celebrate Zboriv.[5] In 1652 Marek died in Mongol captivity after his capture at the Battle of Batoh.[5][10] John was promoted tell between the rank of pułkownik and fought strip off distinction in the Battle of Berestechko.[11] A promising commander, John was portend by King John II Casimir to Istanbul in the Ottoman Empire as one of the legation in a diplomatic mission ofMikołaj Bieganowski.[5][12] There, Sobieski learnt the Tatar language and the Turkish language and studied Turkish expeditionary traditions and tactics.[5][12] It is be in the offing he participated as part accuse the briefly allied Polish-Tatar reinforcement in the 1655 Battle of Okhmativ.[5]

After the start of the Swedish inroad of Poland known as "The Deluge", John Sobieski was among the Greater Polish regiments led by Krzysztof Opaliński, Palatine beat somebody to it Poznań which capitulated at Ujście, and swore allegiance to King Charles X Gustav of Sweden.[5][12] However, around late Step 1656 he abandoned their not wasteful, returning to the side disregard Polish king Jan Kazimierz Waza, recruitment under the command of hetmans Stefan Czarniecki andJerzy Sebastian Lubomirski.[5]

Commander

During the three-day long battle additional Warsaw of 1656, Sobieski's command confiscate a 2,000-man strong regiment of Tatar cavalry earnt him promotion to honourableness title of Lord Standard-Bearer of the Crown.[14] A strong supporter of magnanimity French faction, Sobieski remained dependable to the King during leadership infamous Lubomirski Rebellion, which further helped his military career.

In 1665 he married Marie Casimire Louise measure la Grange d'Arquien and was promoted to the rank of Grand Marshal of the Crown, and the adjacent year, to the rank remove Field Hetman of the Crown.[4] In 1667 take steps achieved another great victory go round the Cossacks and their Mongol allies in the Battle of Podhajce during the Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–71).[12] On 5 Feb 1668, by now a illustrious and esteemed commander, he brought about the rank of Grand Hetman of the Crown, the principal military rank in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thereby the de facto commander-in-chief of the entire Polish Army.[12]

On 11 Nov 1673, during the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76), Sobieski added yet another higher ranking victory to his list, that time defeating the Turks accent the battle of Chocim and capturing the fortress located there.[12] The news of the struggle against coincided with the news place the death of Michael I, Heart-breaking of Poland, who had monotonous the day before the battle.[12] This made Sobieski one of ethics most leading figures in representation state, and on 19 Might the following year, he was elected as monarch of theCommonwealth.[4] His candidacy was almost universally endorsed, with only a dozen lament so members of the board opposing him.

Among the lid notable backers of his crusade was his wife. Jan Sobieski was crowned Jan III 2 February 1676.[4]

King

Though Poland-Lithuania was at that time rendering largest and one of integrity most populous states of Accumulation, Sobieski became a king designate a country devastated by partly half a century of resolute war.

The treasury was apparently empty and the court difficult to understand little to offer the powerful magnates, who often allied themselves fulfil foreign courts rather than justness state. Sobieski decided to alter the situation by forcing blue blood the gentry Ottomans to accept a tranquillity treaty to end the dense wars on the southern line.

In the autumn of 1674 he recommenced the war aspect the Turks and managed completed recapture the fortresses of Kamieniec Podolski, Bar and Reszków, which re-established a hard fortified line defending Poland's confederate border in the Ukraine.[15] Polish historian Oskar Halecki and others noted, that Sobieski extremely planned to conquer Prussia withSwedish troops and Land support.[16] This secret pact, later bare, failed because the war live Turkey took too long, dampen which time the Great Prince had made treaties with Writer, the Swedes had been disgusted, and by increased opposition pass up the Commonwealth's magnates, with many trap them on the Great Elector's side.

Sobieski's plan was very hurt by Michał Pac, the hetman fortify Lithuania and a supporter of Brandenburg, who simply defected with his soldiers and then disbanded it.

Battle govern Vienna

Sobieski's greatest success came in 1683 with his dismay at the Battle of Vienna, play a role joint command of Polish, European and German troops, against magnanimity invading Turks under Kara Mustafa.

Upon reaching Vienna, Sobieski had planned to attack unveiling 13 September, but with righteousness Turkish army close to rape the walls he ordered unmixed full attack on 12 Sep.

At 4 am, the united crowd of about 81,000 men laid hold of a Turkish force of reduce speed 130,000 men. At about 5 pm, after observing the infantry combat from the hilltop, Sobieski boisterous Polish husaria cavalry along with Austrians sports ground Germans into a massive go to the bottom down the hillside.

Soon, say publicly Turkish battle line was gentle and the Ottoman forces sporadic in confusion. At 5:30 pm Sobieski entered the deserted tent reinforce Kara Mustafa and the campaigning of Vienna ended.

The Pope predominant other foreign dignitaries hailed Sobieski as the "Savior of Vienna and Western European civilization."[18] In span letter to his wife filth wrote, "All the common everyday kissed my hands, my revolt, my clothes; others only swayed me, saying: 'Ah, let well-known kiss so valiant a hand!'"[19]

Later years

King John III Sobieski in a good way in Wilanów, Poland on 17 June 1696.

Fillet wife, Maria Kasimira, died in 1716 in Blois, France, and her target was returned to Poland. They are interred together in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland.

King John III was succeeded by Augustus II who stayed in motivating force primarily because of Russian assist. On his death in 1733, a struggle for the highest of Poland ensued, referred work to rule as the War of the Make bigger Succession.

Sobieski's battles

Legacy

After World War II, a statue of John Trio Sobieski was "repatriated" to Gdańsk from Lwów (a city now found be grateful for Ukraine Lviv.

The statue overlooks straighten up little park at the stow Gdańsk City Hall museum.
After the blows of Vienna, the newly delineated constellation of Scutum (Latin for shield) was originally named Scutum Sobiescianum by the astronomer Johannes Hevelius, satisfaction honor of John III Sobieski.

While there are a scarce stars named after non-astronomers, that is the only constellation person's name after a real non-astronomer, besides, one who was still subsist when the constellation was named.
A legend of the early childhood beginni of the bagel refers to John Trio Sobieski as the king pick out whom a Jewish baker gave the upturn first bagel in commemoration weekend away his victory at Vienna get the picture 1683.

The round shape party the bagel was said seal resemble the stirrups of Sobieski and rulership mounted warriors.
The EuroCity rail lines tournament between Vienna and Warsaw (lines 104/105) are named after Sobieski.
There is a modern insinuation from non-Polish European newspapers look up to name the A2 highway in Poland after Sobieski.[20]
Sobieski, a vodka brand named tail end His Majesty John III.
A cigarette brand owned by British American Tobacco is named Jan III Sobieski.

Royal titles

Official label was (in Latin): Joannes III, Dei Gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Livoniae, Smolenscie, Kijoviae, Volhyniae, Podlachiae, Severiae, Czernichoviaeque, etc.[21]
Official title (Polish): Jan III, z łaski bożej, król Polski, wielki książę litewski, ruski, pruski, mazowiecki, żmudzki, kijowski, wołyński, podlaski i czernichowski, etc.
Bluntly translation: John III, by the grace a variety of God King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia, Smolensk, Kiev, Volhynia, Podlasie, Severia and Chernihiv, etc.

Family

On 5 July 1665, he married rendering widow of Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski, Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien (1641–1716), of Nevers, Burgundy, France.

Their issue were:

Jakub Ludwik Henryk (2 November 1667 – 19 December 1737), Crest Prince of Poland, married Countess Sumptuous Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg and esoteric issue.
twin daughters (9 Could 1669), stillborn or died before long after birth.
Teresa Teofila (October 1670), was a frail child challenging failed to survive for explain than a month.
Adelajda Ludwika (15 October 1672 – 10 February 1677), called "Barbelune", dreary at the age of four.
Maria Teresa (18 October 1673 – 7 December 1675), called "La Mannone", died at the lap of two.
daughter (October 1674), stillborn or died shortly back birth.
Teresa Kunegunda (4 March 1676 – 10 March 1730), married Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria and had issue.
Aleksander Benedykt (6 Sept 1677 – 19 November 1714), died unmarried.
daughter (13 Nov 1678), stillborn or died before long after birth.
Konstanty Władysław (1 Hawthorn 1680 – 28 February 1726), married Maria Józefa Wessel on the other hand had no issue.
Jan (4 June 1682 – between 1 January and 12 April 1685), died at the age pass judgment on two.
daughter (20 December 1684), stillborn or died shortly provision birth.

Sobieski family

References

1. Aleksander Gieysztor (1979). History of Poland.

PWN, Polish Scientific Publishers. p. 223. ISBN 83-01-00392-8. 
2. J.A. Hammerton (2007). Peoples of Manual labor Nations: Their Life Today Good turn Story Of Their Past. Compose Publishing Company. p. 4142. ISBN 81-7268-144-5.
3. Mario Reading (2009). The Complete Prophecies be in command of Nostradamus.

Sterling Publishing Company, Opposition. p. 382. ISBN 1-906787-39-5.
 4. Wojciech Skalmowski, Tatjana Soldatjenkova, Emmanuel Waegemans (2003). Liber amicorum. Peeters Publishers. p. 165. ISBN 90-429-1298-7.
5. Red. (Eds.), Jan III Sobieski', p. 413
6.

J.B. Morton. Sobieski, Disorderly of Poland. pp. 30–31.
7. Tindal Palmer 1815, p. 5.
8. Jurist Stone (2001). The Polish–Lithuanian state, 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. p. 236. ISBN 0-295-98093-1.
9. Tindal Palmer 1815, p. 7
10. Tindal Palmer 1815, pp. 12–13
11.

Tindal Palmer 1815, p. 20
12. Simon Millar, Peter Dennis (2008). Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans. Osprey Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 1-84603-231-8.
13. (Polish) Hanna Widacka. "Karacena Jana Troika Sobieskiego". www.wilanow-palac.art.pl. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
14. Tindal Palmer 1815, pp. 23–24.
15.

(Polish) Wojciech Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne. Oddział w Kielcach, Polska Akademia Nauk. Komisja Nauk Historycznych (2004). "Volume 47,Issues 1–4". Studia historyczne. Polska Akademia Nauk, Oddział w Krakowie, Komisja Nauk Historycznych. p. 274
16. Wiktor Waintraub (1976). Memoirs of position Polish Baroque: the writings consume Jan Chryzostom Pasek, a accompany of the Commonwealth of Polska and Lithuania.

University of Calif. Press. p. 308. ISBN 0-520-02752-3.
 17. (Polish) Mirosław Nagielski (1995). Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Bellona. p. 227. ISBN 83-11-08275-8.
18. World Book, Inc (2007). "Volume 1". The World Book Lexicon. Bellona.

p. 132. ISBN 0-7166-0107-9.
19. Mizwa, Author Paul (1942). Great Men and Corps of Poland. New York: Macmillan. p. 103.
20. http://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Die-Welt-proponuje-nazwe-dla-autostrady-A2-2565831.html.
21. (Polish) Ignacy Zagórski, Edward Rastawiecki (baron) (1845). Monety dawnej polski jakoteż prowincyj i miast do niéj niegdy należacych: ambrosial trzech ostatnich wieków zebrane.

S.H. Merzbach. p. 75.