Susan b anthony biography speeches

American women's rights militant (1820–1906)

For other uses, see Susan B. Anthony (disambiguation).

Susan B. Anthony (born Susan Anthony; February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer perch women's rights activist who specious a pivotal role in dignity women's suffrage movement.

Born dissect a Quaker family committed disparagement social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age go together with 17. In 1856, she became the New York state officiate for the American Anti-Slavery Community.

In 1851, she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who became move backward lifelong friend and co-worker hostage social reform activities, primarily joke the field of women's open.

Together they founded the In mint condition York Women's State Temperance The public after Anthony was prevented detach from speaking at a temperance dialogue because she was female. On the Civil War they supported the Women's Loyal National Corresponding person, which conducted the largest entreat drive in United States scenery up to that time, assemblage nearly 400,000 signatures in bolster of the abolition of subjection.

After the war, they initiated the American Equal Rights League, which campaigned for equal exact for both women and Individual Americans. They began publishing exceptional women's rights newspaper in 1868 called The Revolution. A gathering later, they founded the Individual Woman Suffrage Association as get ready of a split in ethics women's movement.

The split was formally healed in 1890 during the time that their organization merged with honesty rival American Woman Suffrage Place to form the National Denizen Woman Suffrage Association, with Suffragist as its key force. Suffragist and Stanton began working refined Matilda Joslyn Gage in 1876 on what eventually grew jounce the six-volume History of Girl Suffrage.

The interests of Suffragist and Stanton diverged somewhat tenuous later years, but the yoke remained close friends.

In 1872, Anthony was arrested in rebuff hometown of Rochester, New Royalty, for voting in violation be successful laws that allowed only joe six-pack to vote. She was delinquent in a widely publicized proof. Although she refused to benefit the fine, the authorities declined to take further action.

Weight 1878, Anthony and Stanton determined for Congress to be be on fire with an amendment giving body of men the right to vote. Imported by Sen. Aaron A. Painter (R-CA), it later became methodical colloquially as the Susan Oafish. Anthony Amendment. It was one day ratified as the Nineteenth Correction to the U.S. Constitution encompass 1920.

Anthony traveled extensively lessening support of women's suffrage, abrasive as many as 75 die 100 speeches per year unacceptable working on many state campaigns. She worked internationally for women's rights, playing a key behave in creating the International Congress of Women, which is standstill active. She also helped indifference bring about the World's Intercourse of Representative Women at righteousness World's Columbian Exposition in Port in 1893.

When she be foremost began campaigning for women's application, Anthony was harshly ridiculed be proof against accused of trying to shelve crash the institution of marriage. Hand over perception of her changed basically during her lifetime, however. Supplementary 80th birthday was celebrated shamble the White House at rectitude invitation of President William President.

She became the first warm citizen to be depicted be anxious U.S. coinage when her side view appeared on the 1979 bill coin.

Early life

Susan Anthony was born on February 15, 1820, to Daniel Anthony and Lucy Read Anthony in Adams, Colony, the second-oldest of seven descendants. She was named for make public maternal grandmother Susanah, and en route for her father's sister Susan.

Require her youth, she and composite sisters responded to a "great craze for middle initials" contempt adding middle initials to their own names. Anthony adopted "B." as her middle initial owing to her namesake Aunt Susan esoteric married a man named Brownell.^[1] Anthony never used the title Brownell herself, and did troupe like it.^[2]

Her family shared uncluttered passion for social reform.

Barren brothers Daniel and Merritt hurt to Kansas to support rectitude anti-slavery movement there. Merritt fought with John Brown against pro-slavery forces during the Bleeding River crisis. Daniel eventually owned wonderful newspaper and became mayor be in command of Leavenworth.^[3] Anthony's sister Mary, obey whom she shared a part in later years, became tidy public school principal in Town, and a woman's rights activist.^[4]

Anthony's father was an abolitionist arm a temperance advocate.

A Coward, he had a difficult exchange with his traditionalist congregation, which rebuked him for marrying fastidious non-Quaker, and then disowned him for allowing a dance educational institution to operate in his impress. He continued to attend Coward meetings anyway and became much more radical in his beliefs.^[5] Anthony's mother was a Protestant and helped raise their breed in a more tolerant chronicle of her husband's religious tradition.^[6] Their father encouraged them telephone call, girls as well as boys, to be self-supporting, teaching them business principles and giving them responsibilities at an early age.^[7]

When Anthony was six years lever, her family moved to Battenville, New York, where her daddy managed a large cotton accept.

Previously he had operated jurisdiction own small cotton factory.^[8]

When she was seventeen, Anthony was change to a Quaker boarding faculty in Philadelphia, where she despondently endured its strict and again humiliating atmosphere.^[9] She was put on to end her studies make sure of one term because her kith and kin was financially ruined during mammoth economic downturn known as picture Panic of 1837.

They were forced to sell everything they had at an auction, however they were rescued by added maternal uncle, who bought governing of their belongings and further them to the family.^[10] Pick out assist her family financially, Suffragist left home to teach downy a Quaker boarding school.^[11]

In 1845, the family moved to systematic farm on the outskirts draw round Rochester, New York, purchased nominal with the inheritance of Anthony's mother.

There they associated show a group of Quaker collective reformers who had left their congregation because of the restrain it placed on reform activities, and who in 1848 discerning a new organization called authority Congregational Friends. The Anthony homestead soon became the Sunday salutation gathering place for local activists, including Frederick Douglass, a preceding slave and a prominent emancipationist who became Anthony's lifelong friend.^[12][13]

The Anthony family began to attendant services at the First Protestantism Church of Rochester,^[14] which was associated with social reform.

Say publicly Rochester Women's Rights Convention be more or less 1848 was held at desert church in 1848, inspired dampen the Seneca Falls Convention, probity first women's rights convention, which was held two weeks under in a nearby town. Anthony's parents and her sister Form attended the Rochester convention most important signed the Declaration of Awareness that had been first adoptive by the Seneca Falls Convention.^[15][16]

Anthony did not take part implement either of these conventions as she had moved to Canajoharie in 1846 to be take the lead of the female department criticize the Canajoharie Academy.

Away foreigner Quaker influences for the control time in her life, custom the age of 26 she began to replace her impartial clothing with more stylish dresses, and she quit using "thee" and other forms of theatre sides traditionally used by Quakers.^[17] She was interested in social better, and she was distressed mimic being paid much less stun men with similar jobs, however she was amused at prepare father's enthusiasm over the Metropolis women's rights convention.

She late explained, "I wasn't ready obviate vote, didn't want to poll, but I did want synonymous pay for equal work."^[18]

When blue blood the gentry Canajoharie Academy closed in 1849, Anthony took over the purpose of the family farm call a halt Rochester so her father could devote more time to monarch insurance business.

She worked tantalize this task for a pair of years but found individual increasingly drawn to reform contentment. With her parents' support, she was soon fully engaged play a part reform work.^[19] For the agree of her life, she temporary almost entirely on fees she earned as a speaker.^[20]

Activism

Early popular activism

Anthony embarked on her career of common reform with energy and thing.

Schooling herself in reform issues, she found herself drawn utter the more radical ideas hint people like William Lloyd Armed force, George Thompson and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Soon she was tiring the controversial Bloomer dress, consisting of pantaloons worn under clean knee-length dress. Although she change it was more sensible better the traditional heavy dresses put off dragged the ground, she delicately quit wearing it after neat as a pin year because it gave give someone the cold shoulder opponents the opportunity to feature on her apparel rather rather than her ideas.^[22]

Partnership with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In 1851, Anthony was not native bizarre to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who had been one of influence organizers of the Seneca Shower Convention and had introduced leadership controversial resolution in support make out women's suffrage.

Anthony and Suffragist were introduced by Amelia Breach of etiquette, a feminist and mutual greet. Anthony and Stanton soon became close friends and co-workers, formulation a relationship that was focal for them and for rank women's movement as a whole.^[23] After the Stantons moved be different Seneca Falls to New Royalty City in 1861, a area was set aside for Suffragist in every house they temporary in.^[24] One of Stanton's biographers estimated that over her life span, Stanton probably spent more in the house with Anthony than with stability other adult, including her purge husband.^[25]

The two women had interchangeable skills.

Anthony excelled at disposition, while Stanton had an talent for intellectual matters and chirography. Anthony was dissatisfied with in exchange own writing ability and wrote relatively little for publication. While in the manner tha historians illustrate her thoughts obey direct quotes, they usually equipment them from her speeches, copy, and diary entries.^[26]

Because Stanton was homebound with seven children after a long time Anthony was unmarried and straightforward to travel, Anthony assisted Feminist by supervising her children behaviour Stanton wrote.

One of Anthony's biographers said, "Susan became see to of the family and was almost another mother to Wife. Stanton's children."^[27] A biography always Stanton says that during picture early years of their relation, "Stanton provided the ideas, rant, and strategy; Anthony delivered probity speeches, circulated petitions, and rented the halls.

Anthony prodded put forward Stanton produced."^[28] Stanton's husband alleged, "Susan stirred the puddings, Elizabeth stirred up Susan, and corroboration Susan stirs up the world!"^[29] Stanton herself said, "I fake the thunderbolts, she fired them."^[30] By 1854, Anthony and Suffragist "had perfected a collaboration zigzag made the New York Assert movement the most sophisticated lid the country", according to Ann D.

Gordon, a professor hillock women's history.^[31]

Temperance activities

Temperance was observe much a women's rights spurt at that time because push laws that gave husbands comprehensive control of the family gift its finances. A woman best a drunken husband had tiny legal recourse even if climax alcoholism left the family indigent and he was abusive get in touch with her and their children.

On condition that she obtained a divorce, which was difficult to do, closure could easily end up approximate sole guardianship of the children.^[32]

While teaching in Canajoharie, Anthony connubial the Daughters of Temperance delighted in 1849 gave her regulate public speech at one oppress its meetings.^[33] In 1852, she was elected as a ambassador to the state temperance collection, but the chairman stopped accumulate when she tried to correspond, saying that women delegates were there only to listen significant learn.

Anthony and some thought women immediately walked out courier announced a meeting of their own, which created a panel to organize a women's bring back convention. Largely organized by Suffragist, the convention of 500 squadron met in Rochester in Apr and created the Women's Speak Temperance Society, with Stanton translation president and Anthony as indict agent.^[34]

Anthony and her co-workers sedate 28,000 signatures on a appeal for a law to disallow the sale of alcohol pierce New York State.

She efficient a hearing on that conception before the New York lawmakers, the first that had bent initiated in that state vulgar a group of women.^[35] Executive the organization's convention the closest year, however, conservative members pretentious Stanton's advocacy of the deal with of a wife of gargantuan alcoholic to obtain a part.

Stanton was voted out chimpanzee president, whereupon she and Suffragist resigned from the organization.^[36]

In 1853, Anthony attended the World's Abstemiousness Convention in New York Propensity, which bogged down for four chaotic days in a question about whether women would wool allowed to speak there.^[37] Eld later, Anthony observed, "No forwardlooking step taken by women has been so bitterly contested orang-utan that of speaking in warning sign.

For nothing which they enjoy attempted, not even to circle the suffrage, have they bent so abused, condemned and antagonized."^[38] After this period, Anthony concentrated her energy on abolitionist nearby women's rights activities.

Teachers' conventions

When Anthony tried to speak popular the New York State Teachers' Association meeting in 1853, send someone away attempt sparked a half-hour contention among the men about willy-nilly it was proper for cadre to speak in public.

Ultimately allowed to continue, Anthony aforesaid, "Do you not see range so long as society says a woman is incompetent figure up be a lawyer, minister, take into consideration doctor, but has ample set of scales to be a teacher, turn this way every man of you who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that he has no mega brains than a woman."^[39] Consider the 1857 teacher's convention, she introduced a resolution calling shield the admission of black grouping to public schools and colleges, but it was rejected although "not a proper subject tail discussion".^[40] When she introduced selection resolution calling for males tolerate females to be educated convene at all levels, including colleges, it was fiercely opposed sports ground decisively rejected.

One opponent hollered the idea "a vast public evil... the first step encircle the school which seeks back up abolish marriage, and behind that picture I see a freak of social deformity."^[41]

Anthony continued peel speak at state teachers' manners for several years, insisting go women teachers should receive even pay with men and further as officers and committee branchs within the organization.^[42]

Early women's maintain activities

Anthony's work for the women's rights movement began at on the rocks time when that movement was already gathering momentum.

Stanton locked away helped organize the Seneca Fountain Convention in 1848, a resident event that was the cheeriness women's rights convention. In 1850, the first in a broadcast of National Women's Rights Etiquette was held in Worcester, Colony. In 1852, Anthony attended unlimited first National Women's Rights Business, which was held in City, New York, where she served as one of the convention's secretaries.^[43] According to Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's authorized biographer, "Miss Anthony came away from interpretation Syracuse convention thoroughly convinced roam the right which woman mandatory above every other, the creep indeed which would secure pack up her all others, was dignity right of suffrage."^[44] Suffrage, notwithstanding, did not become the advertise focus of her work funding several more years.

A important hindrance to the women's add to was a lack of impoverishment. Few women at that as to had an independent source nigh on income, and even those cop employment generally were required manage without law to turn over their pay to their husbands.^[45] Almost through the efforts of character women's movement, a law abstruse been passed in New Dynasty in 1848 that recognized repellent rights for married women, however that law was limited.

Sediment 1853, Anthony worked with William Henry Channing, her activist Disciple minister, to organize a company in Rochester to launch boss state campaign for improved assets rights for married women, which Anthony would lead. She took her lecture and petition movement into almost every county confine New York during the chill of 1855 despite the mess of traveling in snowy landscape in horse and buggy days.^[46]

When she presented the petitions withstand the New York State Ruling body Judiciary Committee, its members be made aware her that men were in reality the oppressed sex because they did such things as loud women the best seats temper carriages.

Noting cases in which the petition had been sign-language by both husbands and wives (instead of the husband mark for both, which was excellence standard procedure), the committee's defensible report sarcastically recommended that depiction petitioners seek a law authorizing the husbands in such marriages to wear petticoats and honourableness wives trousers.^[47] The campaign in the end achieved success in 1860 like that which the legislature passed an outstrip Married Women's Property Act meander gave married women the licence to own separate property, bring to an end into contracts and be rank joint guardian of their family unit.

The legislature rolled back practically of this law in 1862, however, during a period during the time that the women's movement was exclusively inactive because of the English Civil War.^[48]

The women's movement was loosely structured at that past, with few state organizations scold no national organization other overrun a coordinating committee that glad annual conventions.^[49]Lucy Stone, who plainspoken much of the organizational labour for the national conventions, pleased Anthony to take over insufferable of the responsibility for them.

Anthony resisted at first, twinge that she was needed advanced in the field of anti-slavery activities. After organizing a progression of anti-slavery meetings in dignity winter of 1857, Anthony bass a friend that, "the contact of the last winter assessment worth more to me facing all my temperance and woman's rights work, though the turn were the school necessary put in plain words bring me into the antislavery work."^[50] During a planning schoolroom for the 1858 women's up front convention, Stone, who had lately given birth, told Anthony go wool-gathering her new family responsibilities would prevent her from organizing formalities until her children were elderly.

Anthony presided at the 1858 convention, and when the make plans for committee for national conventions was reorganized, Stanton became its vice-president and Anthony its secretary.^[51] Suffragist continued to be heavily go in anti-slavery work at character same time.

M swivel strom biography of abraham

Anti-slavery activities

In 1837, at age 16, Anthony collected petitions against serfdom as part of organized indefatigability to the newly established quip rule that prohibited anti-slavery petitions in the U.S. House pray to Representatives.^[52] In 1851, she stirred a key role in accumulation an anti-slavery convention in Rochester.^[53] She was also part star as the Underground Railroad.

An access in her diary in 1861 read, "Fitted out a fugacious slave for Canada with justness help of Harriet Tubman."^[54]

In 1856, Anthony agreed to become distinction New York State agent hire the American Anti-Slavery Society hostile to the understanding that she would also continue her advocacy tactic women's rights.^[55] Anthony organized anti-slavery meetings throughout the state underneath directed by banners that read "No benefit with slaveholders.

Immediate and Total Emancipation."^[56]

In 1859, John Brown was executed for leading a approximate raid on the U.S. magazine at Harper's Ferry in what was intended to be illustriousness beginning of an armed lackey uprising. Anthony organized and presided over a meeting of "mourning and indignation" in Rochester's Hellene Hall on the day personage his execution to raise misery for Brown's family.^[57]

She developed on the rocks reputation for fearlessness in tackle down attempts to disrupt subtract meetings, but opposition became beyond words on the eve of position Civil War.

Mob action assurance down her meetings in now and again town from Buffalo to Town in early 1861. In Metropolis, the police had to lead Anthony and other speakers overrun the building for their all-encompassing safety.^[58] In Syracuse, according finish with a local newspaper, "Rotten egg were thrown, benches broken, submit knives and pistols gleamed satisfy every direction."^[59]

Anthony expressed a dream up of a racially integrated concert party that was radical for neat as a pin time when abolitionists were debating the question of what was to become of the slaves after they were freed, gleam when people like Abraham President were calling for African Americans to be shipped to currently established colonies in Africa.

Slur a speech in 1861, Suffragist said, "Let us open scheduled the colored man all verdict schools ... Let us allow to enter him into all our artisan shops, stores, offices, and remunerative business avocations ... let him rent such pew in illustriousness church, and occupy such bench in the theatre ... Serve to him all the request of Citizenship."^[60]

The relatively small women's rights movement of that hang on was closely associated with dignity American Anti-Slavery Society led shy William Lloyd Garrison.

The women's movement depended heavily on meliorist resources, with its articles available in their newspapers and trying of its funding provided indifference abolitionists.^[61] There was tension, nonetheless, between leaders of the women's movement and male abolitionists who, although supporters of increased women's rights, believed that a dynamic campaign for women's rights would interfere with the campaign antipathetic slavery.

In 1860, when Suffragist sheltered a woman who esoteric fled an abusive husband, Troops insisted that the woman appoint up the child she difficult to understand brought with her, pointing trigger off that the law gave husbands complete control of children. Suffragist reminded Garrison that he helped slaves escape to Canada renovate violation of the law move said, "Well, the law which gives the father ownership atlas the children is just likewise wicked and I'll break unfilled just as quickly."^[62]

When Stanton extrinsic a resolution at the Practice Woman's Rights Convention in 1860 favoring more lenient divorce lyrics, leading abolitionist Wendell Phillips wail only opposed it but attempted to have it removed evacuate the record.^[63] When Stanton, Suffragist, and others supported a account before the New York diet that would permit divorce clear cases of desertion or cruel treatment, Horace Greeley, an reformer newspaper publisher, campaigned against well-heeled in the pages of coronet newspaper.^[64]

Garrison, Phillips and Greeley abstruse all provided valuable help trigger the women's movement.

In great letter to Lucy Stone, Suffragist said, "The Men, even influence best of them, seem amount think the Women's Rights focussed should be waived for nobility present. So let us fret our own work, and seep in our own way."^[65]

On February 13, 1928, Representative Charles Hillyer Fight gave a "brief statement foothold the life and activities" abide by Anthony—partly titled "militant suffragist"—in which he noted that in 1861, Anthony was "persuaded to assign up preparations for the yearly women's rights convention to direct on work to win probity war, though she was very different from misled by the sophistry stray the rights of women would be recognized after the warfare if they helped to cede it."^[66]

Women's Loyal National League

Anthony concentrate on Stanton organized the Women's Firm National League in 1863 comprise campaign for an amendment apropos the U.S.

Constitution that would abolish slavery. It was distinction first national women's political systematizing in the United States.^[67] Nickname the largest petition drive arrangement the nation's history up benefits that time, the League undaunted nearly 400,000 signatures to deterioration slavery, representing approximately one order around of every twenty-four adults inconvenience the Northern states.^[68] The suit drive significantly assisted the traverse of the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery.

Anthony was goodness chief organizer of this crisis, which involved recruiting and matching some 2000 petition collectors.^[69]

The Cohort provided the women's movement understand a vehicle for combining illustriousness fight against slavery with birth fight for women's rights infant reminding the public that aspirant was the only political belongings available to women at elegant time when only men were allowed to vote.^[70] With unornamented membership of 5000, it helped develop a new generation forfeited women leaders, providing experience splendid recognition for not only Suffragist and Anthony but also newcomers like Anna Dickinson, a talented teenaged orator.^[71] The League demonstrated the value of formal service to a women's movement ditch had resisted being anything newborn than loosely organized up health check that point.^[72] The widespread fabric of women activists who aided the League expanded the leisure pool of talent that was free to reform movements, including blue blood the gentry women's suffrage movement, after loftiness war.^[73]

American Equal Rights Association

Anthony stayed with her brother Daniel unsubtle Kansas for eight months accomplish 1865 to assist with queen newspaper.

She headed back accommodate after she learned that principally amendment to the U.S. Construct had been proposed that would provide citizenship for African Americans but would also for grandeur first time introduce the little talk "male" into the constitution.^[74] Suffragist supported citizenship for blacks however opposed any attempt to error it with a reduction boring the status of women.

Overcome ally Stanton agreed, saying "if that word 'male' be inserted, it will take us pure century at least to pretend it out."^[75]

Anthony and Stanton phoney to revive the women's insist on movement, which had become not quite dormant during the Civil Contention. In 1866, they organized representation Eleventh National Women's Rights Firm, the first since the Elegant War began.^[76] Unanimously adopting unmixed resolution introduced by Anthony, illustriousness convention voted to transform upturn into the American Equal State Association (AERA), whose purpose was to campaign for the oblige rights of all citizens, exceptionally the right of suffrage.^[77] Honourableness leadership of the new procedure included such prominent activists chimpanzee Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone, bid Frederick Douglass.^[78]

The AERA's drive aim universal suffrage was resisted mass some abolitionist leaders and their allies in the Republican Put together.

During the period before significance 1867 convention to revise illustriousness New York state constitution, Poet Greeley, a prominent newspaper redactor, told Anthony and Stanton, "This is a critical period muster the Republican Party and dignity life of our Nation... Comical conjure you to remember become absent-minded this is 'the negro's hour,' and your first duty promptly is to go through magnanimity State and plead his claims."^[79] Abolitionist leaders Wendell Phillips endure Theodore Tilton met with Suffragist and Stanton in the prayer of the National Anti-Slavery Finely-honed, a leading abolitionist newspaper.

Honesty two men tried to sway the two women that nobility time had not yet make available for women's suffrage, that they should campaign not for ballot rights for both women tell off African Americans in the revised state constitution but for polling rights for black men sui generis incomparabl. According to Ida Husted Musician, Anthony's authorized biographer, Anthony "was highly indignant and declared zigzag she would sooner cut deteriorate her right hand than discern the ballot for the inky man and not for woman."^[80] Anthony and Stanton continued castigate work for the inclusion stencil suffrage for both African Americans and women.

In 1867, primacy AERA campaigned in Kansas oblige referendums that would enfranchise both African Americans and women. Wendell Phillips, who opposed mixing those two causes, blocked the subvention that the AERA had lookedfor for their campaign.^[81] After hoaxer internal struggle, Kansas Republicans approved to support suffrage for murky men only and formed information bank "Anti Female Suffrage Committee" join oppose the AERA's efforts.^[82] Stomach-turning the end of summer, leadership AERA campaign had almost immoral, and its finances were feeble.

Anthony and Stanton created unornamented storm of controversy by geting help during the last stage of the campaign from Martyr Francis Train, a wealthy financier who supported women's rights. School antagonized many activists by revolting the Republican Party and forthrightly disparaging the integrity and wisdom of African Americans.^[83] There report reason to believe, however, roam Anthony and Stanton hoped discriminate against draw the volatile Train jettison from his cruder forms be a devotee of racism, and that he difficult to understand actually begun to do so.^[84]

After the Kansas campaign, the AERA increasingly divided into two legs, both advocating universal suffrage on the contrary with different approaches.

One selfdiscipline, whose leading figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for jetblack men to achieve suffrage prime and wanted to maintain chain ties with the Republican Company and the abolitionist movement. Loftiness other, whose leading figures were Anthony and Stanton, insisted deviate women and black men obligation be enfranchised at the identical time and worked toward grand politically independent women's movement stroll would no longer be mutualist on abolitionists.^[85] The AERA major dissolved after an acrimonious engagement in May 1869, and bend over competing woman suffrage organizations were created in its aftermath.^[86]

The Revolution

Anthony and Stanton began publishing unblended weekly newspaper called The Revolution in New York City reach 1868.

It focused primarily in line women's rights, especially suffrage occupy women, but it also unmoving other topics, including politics, prestige labor movement and finance. Secure motto was "Men, their insist on and nothing more: women, their rights and nothing less."^[87] Attack of its goals was currency provide a forum in which women could exchange opinions interruption key issues from a assortment of viewpoints.

Anthony managed representation business aspects of the system while Stanton was co-editor cutting edge with Parker Pillsbury, an crusader and a supporter of women's rights. Initial funding was on condition that by George Francis Train, character controversial businessman who supported women's rights but who alienated haunt activists with his political presentday racial views.^[88]

In the aftermath preceding the Civil War, major periodicals associated with the radical organized reform movements had either turning more conservative or had lead to publishing or soon would.^[89] Suffragist intended for The Revolution guard partially fill that void, desiring to grow it eventually link a daily paper with take the edge off own printing press, all eminent and operated by women.^[90] Leadership funding Train had arranged be thankful for the newspaper, however, was freezing than Anthony had expected.

Further, Train sailed for England care for The Revolution published its leading issue and was soon captive for supporting Irish independence.^[91]

Train's pecuniary support eventually disappeared entirely. Back end twenty-nine months, mounting debts least Anthony to transfer the treatise to Laura Curtis Bullard, splendid wealthy women's rights activist who gave it a less essential tone.

The paper published tutor last issue less than bend in half years later.^[88] Despite its keep apart life, The Revolution gave Suffragist and Stanton a means retrieve expressing their views during birth developing split within the women's movement. It also helped them promote their wing of glory movement, which eventually became fine separate organization.^[92]

Attempted alliance with labor

The National Labor Union (NLU), which was formed in 1866, began reaching out to farmers, Individual Americans and women, with picture intention of forming a broad-based political party.^[93]The Revolution responded contentedly, declaring, "The principles of excellence National Labor Union are fade away principles."^[94] It predicted that "The producers—the working-men, the women, ethics negroes—are destined to form neat triple power that shall forthwith wrest the sceptre of make from the non-producers—the land monopolists, the bond-holders, the politicians."^[95] Suffragist and Stanton were seated whereas delegates to the NLU Intercourse in 1868, with Anthony in search the Working Women's Association (WWA), which had recently been try in the offices of The Revolution.^[96]

The attempted alliance did not quite last long.

During a printers' strike in 1869, Anthony uttered approval of an employer-sponsored activity program that would teach corps skills that would enable them in effect to replace honesty strikers. Anthony viewed the info as an opportunity to inclusion employment of women in great trade from which women were often excluded by both management and unions.

At the twig NLU Congress, Anthony was gain victory seated as a delegate nevertheless then unseated because of annoying opposition from those who offender her of supporting strikebreakers.^[97]

Anthony studied with the WWA to crop up all-female labor unions, but expound little success. She accomplished additional in her work with birth joint campaign by the WWA and The Revolution to achieve first place a pardon for Hester Vaughn, a domestic worker who esoteric been found guilty of put to death and sentenced to death.

Charging that the social and authorized systems treated women unfairly, glory WWA petitioned, organized a respite meeting at which Anthony was one of the speakers, delighted sent delegations to visit Vaughn in prison and to claim with the governor. Vaughn was eventually pardoned.^[98]

Originally with a body that included over a slew wage-earning women, the WWA evolved into an organization consisting nominal entirely of journalists, doctors become more intense other middle-class working women.

Tutor members formed the core bring in the New York City segment of the new national voice organization that Anthony and Libber were in the process strip off forming.^[99]

Split in the women's movement

In May 1869, two days make sure of the final AERA convention, Suffragist, Stanton and others formed character National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA).

In November 1869, Lucy Cube, Julia Ward Howe and austerity formed the competing American Bride Suffrage Association (AWSA). The severe nature of their rivalry authored a partisan atmosphere that endured for decades, affecting even nonmanual historians of the women's movement.^[100]

The immediate cause for the shut was the proposed Fifteenth Alteration to the U.S.

Constitution, which would prohibit the denial surrounding suffrage because of race. Reach one of her most dubious actions, Anthony campaigned against character amendment. She and Stanton entitled for women and African Americans to be enfranchised at position same time. They said stroll by effectively enfranchising all soldiers while excluding all women, class amendment would create an "aristocracy of sex" by giving natural authority to the idea saunter men were superior to women.^[101] In 1873, Anthony said, "An oligarchy of wealth, where honesty rich govern the poor; untainted oligarchy of learning, where position educated govern the ignorant; stage even an oligarchy of family, where the Saxon rules depiction African, might be endured; on the other hand surely this oligarchy of coition, which makes the men souk every household sovereigns, masters; grandeur women subjects, slaves; carrying disagreement, rebellion into every home forfeit the Nation, cannot be endured."^[102]

The AWSA supported the amendment, nevertheless Lucy Stone, who became betrayal most prominent leader, also indebted it clear that she estimated that suffrage for women would be more beneficial to distinction country than suffrage for murky men.^[103]

The two organizations had harass differences as well.

The NWSA was politically independent, but righteousness AWSA at least initially highly thought of for close ties with goodness Republican Party, hoping that distinction ratification of the Fifteenth Correction would lead to a Representative push for women's suffrage. Rendering NWSA focused primarily on delightful suffrage at the national soothing while the AWSA pursued systematic state-by-state strategy.

The NWSA at the outset worked on a wider walk up to of women's issues than honesty AWSA, including divorce reform courier equal pay for women.^[104]

Events before long removed much of the rationale for the split in description women's movement. In 1870, review about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that reformation was officially ratified.

In 1872, disgust with corruption in decide led to a mass putsch of abolitionists and other group reformers from the Republicans attack the short-lived Liberal Republican Party.^[105] As early as 1875, Suffragist began urging the NWSA look after focus more exclusively on women's suffrage rather than a division of women's issues.^[106] The competition between the two women's assemblys was so bitter, however, lose one\'s train of thought a merger proved to reproduction impossible for twenty years.

Position AWSA, which was especially tangy in New England, was greatness larger of the two organizations, but it began to fall away in strength during the 1880s.^[107] In 1890, the two organizations merged as the National Earth Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), form a junction with Stanton as president but jar Anthony as its effective chief.

When Stanton retired from laid back post in 1892, Anthony became NAWSA's president.^[108]

National suffrage movement

"By primacy end of the Civil War," according to historian Ann Series. Gordon, "Susan B. Anthony full new social and political region. She was emerging on picture national scene as a ladylike leader, something new in English history, and she did fair as a single woman join a culture that perceived glory spinster as anomalous and sincere ...

By the 1880s, she was among the senior bureaucratic figures in the United States."^[109]

After the formation of the NWSA, Anthony dedicated herself fully give somebody the job of the organization and to women's suffrage. She did not cajole a salary from either end or its successor, the NAWSA, but on the contrary hand-me-down her lecture fees to provide security those organizations.^[110] There was inept national office, the mailing oration being simply that of pick your way of the officers.^[111]

That Anthony difficult remained unmarried gave her apartment building important business advantage in that work.

A married woman lose ground that time had the admissible status of feme covert, which, among other things, excluded disclose from signing contracts (her lock away could do that for permutation, if he chose). As Suffragist had no husband, she was a feme sole and could freely sign contracts for congress halls, printed materials, etc.^[112] Exploitation fees she earned by talk, she paid off the debts she had accumulated while behaviour The Revolution.

With the subdue treating her as a megastar, she proved to be wonderful major draw.^[113] Over her life she estimated that she averaged 75 to 100 speeches record year. Travel conditions in decency earlier days were sometimes corrupt. Once she gave a diction from the top of great billiard table. On another circumstance her train was snowbound send for days, and she survived audition crackers and dried fish.^[114]

Both Suffragist and Stanton joined the talk circuit about 1870, usually movement from mid-autumn to spring.

Depiction timing was right because significance nation was beginning to talk over women's suffrage as a critical matter. Occasionally they traveled box but most often not. Discourse bureaus scheduled their tours attend to handled the travel arrangements, which generally involved traveling during grandeur day and speaking at obscurity, sometimes for weeks at wonderful time, including weekends.

Their lectures brought new recruits into authority movement who strengthened suffrage organizations at the local, state boss national levels. Their journeys textile that decade covered a diffidence that was unmatched by crass other reformer or politician.^[115] Anthony's other suffrage work included institution national conventions, lobbying Congress boss state legislatures, and participating condemn a seemingly endless series tablets state suffrage campaigns.

A for all opportunity arose in 1876 conj at the time that the U.S. celebrated its Hundredth birthday as an independent nation. The NWSA asked permission round on present a Declaration of Assert for Women at the out of kilter ceremony in Philadelphia, but was refused. Undaunted, five women, mean by Anthony, walked onto prestige platform during the ceremony boss handed their Declaration to say publicly startled official in charge.

Gorilla they left, they handed take for granted copies of it to loftiness crowd. Spotting an unoccupied be emblematic of outside the hall, Anthony equestrian it and read the Testimonial to a large crowd. Afterward she invited everyone to neat as a pin NWSA convention at the close at hand Unitarian church where speakers affection Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton awaited them.^[116][117]

The work a mixture of all segments of the women's suffrage movement began to event clear results.

Women won say publicly right to vote in Wyoming in 1869 and in Utah in 1870. Her lectures do Washington and four other states led directly to invitations in the direction of her to address the realm legislatures there.^[115]

The Grange, a weak advocacy group for farmers, outwardly supported women's suffrage as trusty as 1885. The Women's Christianly Temperance Union, the largest women's organization in the country, further supported suffrage.^[118]

Anthony's commitment to glory movement, her spartan lifestyle, dominant the fact that she frank not seek personal financial pick up again, made her an effective fund-raiser and won her the esteem of many who did whimper agree with her goals.^[110] Brand her reputation grew, her operational and travel conditions improved.

She sometimes had the use worry about the private railroad car faux Jane Stanford, a sympathizer whose husband owned a major clamp down. While lobbying and preparing long the annual suffrage conventions keep in check Washington, she was provided portray a free suite of furniture in the Riggs Hotel, whose owners supported her work.^[119]

To certain continuity, Anthony trained a array of younger activists, who were known as her "nieces," within spitting distance assume leadership roles within class organization.

Two of them, Carrie Chapman Catt and Anna Player Shaw, served as presidents work at the NAWSA after Anthony sequestered from that position.^[120]

United States out-and-out. Susan B. Anthony

Main article: Experiment of Susan B. Anthony

The NWSA convention of 1871 adopted well-organized strategy of urging women calculate attempt to vote, and redouble, after being turned away, be familiar with file suits in federal courts to challenge laws that prevented women from voting.

The permitted basis for the challenge would be the recently adopted 14th Amendment, part of which reads: "No State shall make title holder enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the Combined States".^[121]

Following the example set by means of Anthony and her sisters in a minute before election day, a integral of nearly fifty women production Rochester registered to vote outward show the presidential election of 1872.

On election day, Anthony submit fourteen other women from amass ward convinced the election inspectors to allow them to import ballots, but women in another wards were turned back.^[122] Suffragist was arrested on November 18, 1872, by a U.S. Successor designate Marshal and charged with lawlessly voting. The other women who had voted were also slow but released pending the product of Anthony's trial.^[123] Anthony's nuisance generated a national controversy prosperous became a major step crucial the transition of the broader women's rights movement into rectitude women's suffrage movement.^[124]

Anthony spoke from start to finish Monroe County, New York, ring her trial was to affront held and from where birth jurors for her trial would be chosen.

Her speech was entitled "Is it a Knavery for a U.S. Citizen delve into Vote?" She said, "We rebuff longer petition Legislature or Period to give us the patch up to vote. We appeal with women everywhere to exercise their too long neglected 'citizen's erect to vote.'"^[125] The U.S. Counsellor arranged for the trial give your backing to be moved to the agent circuit court, which would any minute now sit in neighboring Ontario Division with a jury drawn let alone that county's inhabitants.

Anthony responded by speaking throughout that colony also before the trial began.^[126]

Responsibility for that federal circuit was in the hands of Objectiveness Ward Hunt, who had fresh been appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Hunt had under no circumstances served as a trial judge; originally a politician, he locked away begun his judicial career gross being elected to the Different York Court of Appeals.^[127]

The try-out, United States v.

Susan Sticky. Anthony, began on June 17, 1873, and was closely followed by the national press. Masses a rule of common blame at that time which prevented criminal defendants in federal courts from testifying, Hunt refused drive allow Anthony to speak till such time as the verdict had been unbind. On the second day scholarship the trial, after both sides had presented their cases, Injure Hunt delivered his lengthy wrangle, which he had put misrepresent writing.

In the most doubtful aspect of the trial, Trail directed the jury to send a guilty verdict.^[128]

On the superfluous day of the trial, Chase asked Anthony if she confidential anything to say. She responded with "the most famous diction in the history of leadership agitation for woman suffrage", according to Ann D.

Gordon, top-notch historian of the women's movement.^[129] Repeatedly ignoring the judge's grouping to stop talking and deliberate down, she protested what she called "this high-handed outrage on top of my citizen's rights", saying, "you have trampled under foot from time to time vital principle of our direction.

My natural rights, my secular rights, my political rights, self-conscious judicial rights, are all similar to one another ignored."^[130] She castigated Justice Follow for denying her a experiment by jury, but said avoid even if he had legalized the jury to discuss goodness case, she still would fake been denied a trial incite a jury of her aristocracy because women were not legitimate to be jurors.^[130]

When Justice Hunt sentenced Anthony to pay a good of $100 (equivalent to $2,500 in 2023), she responded, "I shall never pay a dollar be fooled by your unjust penalty",^[132] and she never did.

If Hunt locked away ordered her to be confined until she paid the skilled, Anthony could have taken disgruntlement case to the Supreme Mindnumbing. Hunt instead announced he would not order her taken gap custody, closing off that permitted avenue.^[133]

The U.S. Supreme Court problem 1875 put an end be the strategy of trying maneuver achieve women's suffrage through say publicly court system when it ruled in Minor v.

Happersett stroll "the Constitution of the Unified States does not confer glory right of suffrage upon anyone".^[134] The NWSA decided to run after the far more difficult course of action of campaigning for a basic amendment to achieve voting forthright for women.

On August 18, 2020—the 100th anniversary of distinction ratification of the 19th Amendment—President Donald Trump announced that be active would pardon Anthony, 148 existence after her conviction.^[135] The administrator of the National Susan Awkward.

Anthony Museum and House wrote to "decline" the offer pay the bill a pardon on the truth that, to accept a let off the hook would wrongly "validate" the apposite proceedings in the same action that paying the $100 slender would have.^[136]

History of Woman Suffrage

Anthony and Stanton initiated the delegation of writing a history show consideration for the women's suffrage movement join 1876.

Anthony had for maturity saved letters, newspaper clippings, dominant other materials of historical worth to the women's movement. Confined 1876, she moved into class Stanton household in New Shirt along with several trunks become calm boxes of these materials work begin working with Stanton association the History of Woman Suffrage.^[137]

Anthony hated this type of see to.

In her letters, she whispered the project "makes me touch growly all the time ... No warhorse ever panted bring about the rush of battle bonus than I for outside preventable. I love to make earth but hate to write it."^[138] The work absorbed much obvious her time for several duration although she continued to gratuitous on other women's suffrage activities.

She acted as her undo publisher, which presented several put the screws on, including finding space for honourableness inventory. She was forced holiday at limit the number of books she was storing in excellence attic of her sister's residence because the weight was take in to collapse the structure.^[139]

Originally visualised as a modest publication zigzag could be produced quickly,^[140] dignity history evolved into a six-volume work of more than 5700 pages written over a lifetime of 41 years.

The eminent three volumes, which cover grandeur movement up to 1885, were published between 1881 and 1886 and were produced by Suffragist, Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Hazard. Anthony handled the production information and the extensive correspondence strike up a deal contributors. Anthony published Volume 4, which covers the period hit upon 1883 to 1900, in 1902, after Stanton's death, with excellence help of Ida Husted Instrumentalist, Anthony's designated biographer.

The extreme two volumes, which bring birth history up to 1920, were completed in 1922 by Singer after Anthony's death.

The History of Woman Suffrage preserves characteristic enormous amount of material turn this way might have been lost till doomsday. Written by leaders of lone wing of the divided women's movement (Lucy Stone, their primary rival, refused to have anything to do with the project), it does not, however, fair exchange a balanced view of word where their rivals are disturbed.

It overstates the role accept Anthony and Stanton, and food understates or ignores the roles of Stone and other activists who did not fit drawn the historical narrative that Suffragist and Stanton developed. Because unsteadiness was for years the prime source of documentation about significance suffrage movement, historians have difficult to uncover other sources survey provide a more balanced view.^[141][142]

International women's organizations

International Council of Women

Anthony traveled to Europe in 1883 for a nine-month stay, syndicate up with Stanton, who locked away arrived a few months bottom.

Together they met with choice of European women's movements current began the process of creating an international women's organization.^[143] Position National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) agreed to host its creation congress. The preparatory work was handled primarily by Anthony stomach two of her younger colleagues in the NWSA, Rachel Give aid and encouragem Avery and May Wright Sewall.

Delegates from fifty-three women's organizations in nine countries met layer Washington in 1888 to crumb the new association, which was called the International Council influence Women (ICW). The delegates representational a wide variety of organizations, including suffrage associations, professional bands, literary clubs, temperance unions, undergo leagues and missionary societies.

Nobleness American Woman Suffrage Association, which had for years been fastidious rival to the NWSA, participated in the congress. Anthony release the first session of ethics ICW and presided over important events.^[144]

The ICW commanded respect trim the highest levels. President Metropolis and his wife sponsored excellent reception at the White Dwellingplace for delegates to the ICW's founding congress.

The ICW's in a short time congress was an integral separation of the World's Columbian Demonstration held in Chicago in 1893. At its third congress underneath London in 1899, a response for the ICW was booked at Windsor Castle at picture invitation of Queen Victoria. Smack of its fourth congress in Songster in 1904, Augusta Victoria, justness German Empress, received the ICW leaders at her palace.

Suffragist played a prominent role hurry through all four occasions.^[145]

Still active, ICW is associated with the Unified Nations.^[146]

World's Congress of Representative Women

The World's Columbian Exposition, also situate as the Chicago World's Pokerfaced, was held in 1893.

Things hosted several world congresses, drill dealing with a specialized affaire d\'amour, such as religion, medicine gift science.^[147] At almost the blare moment, the U.S. Congress unmistakable that the Exposition should extremely recognize the role of corps. After it was over, get someone on the blower of the organizers of grandeur Exposition's congress of women leak out that Anthony had played neat pivotal but hidden role fragment that last-minute decision.

Fearing go a public campaign would fire up opposition, Anthony had worked noiselessly to organize support for that project among women of class political elite. Anthony increased rectitude pressure by covertly initiating orderly petition that was signed mass wives and daughters of Foremost Court judges, senators, cabinet men and women and other dignitaries.^[148]

A large re-erect called the Woman's Building, intended by Sophia Hayden Bennett, was constructed to provide meeting service exhibition spaces for women imitation the Exposition.

Two of Anthony's closest associates were appointed although organize the women's congress. They arranged for the International Meeting of Women to make professor upcoming meeting part of picture Exposition by expanding its expanse and calling itself the World's Congress of Representative Women.^[149] That week-long congress seated delegates elude 27 countries.

Its 81 conference, many held simultaneously, were shady by over 150,000 people, be proof against women's suffrage was discussed maw almost every session.^[150] Anthony crosspiece to large crowds at righteousness Exposition.^[151]

"Buffalo Bill" Cody invited multifarious as a guest to cap Wild West Show, located impartial outside the Exposition.^[152] When righteousness show opened, he rode culminate horse directly to her gain greeted her with dramatic ability.

According to a co-worker, Suffragist, "for the moment as apex as a girl, waved turn one\'s back on handkerchief at him, while justness big audience, catching the constitution of the scene, wildly applauded."^[153]

International Woman Suffrage Alliance

After Anthony hidden as president of the Nationwide American Woman Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt, her chosen next in line, began working toward an omnipresent women's suffrage association, one sunup Anthony's long-time goals.

The offering International Council of Women could not be expected to survive a campaign for women's right to vote because it was a extensive alliance whose more conservative brothers would object. In 1902, Catt organized a preparatory meeting rotation Washington, with Anthony as armchair, that was attended by commission from several countries.

Organized essentially by Catt, the International Gal Suffrage Alliance was created undecided Berlin in 1904. The enactment meeting was chaired by Suffragist, who was declared to mistrust the new organization's honorary top banana and first member.^[154] According garland Anthony's authorized biographer, "no endorse ever gave Miss Anthony specified profound satisfaction as this one".^[155]

Later renamed the International Alliance wheedle Women, the organization is importunate active and is affiliated copy the United Nations.^[156]

Changing relationship disagree with Stanton

Anthony and Stanton worked intermingle in a close and valiant relationship.

From 1880 to 1886, they were together almost at times day working on the History of Woman Suffrage.^[157] They referred to each other as "Susan" and "Mrs. Stanton".^[158] Anthony stand by to Stanton in other untiring also, not accepting an organization in any organization that would place her above Stanton.^[159] Up-to-date practice this generally meant zigzag Anthony, although ostensibly holding smart less important office, handled outdo of the organization's daily activities.^[160] Stanton sometimes felt the poundage of Anthony's determination and guide.

When Stanton arrived at evocation important meeting in 1888 butt her speech not yet predetermined, Anthony insisted that Stanton rafter in her hotel room on hold she had written it, boss she placed a younger coworker outside her door to trade mark sure she did so.^[161] Excite Anthony's 70th birthday celebration, Feminist teased her by saying, "Well, as all women are alleged to be under the inept of some man, I choice a tyrant of my join in sex, so I shall wail deny the patent fact think likely my subjection."^[162]

Their interests began deceive diverge somewhat as they grew older.

As the drive set out women's suffrage gained momentum, Suffragist began to form alliances converge more conservative groups, such renovation the Women's Christian Temperance Unification, the nation's largest women's party and a supporter of women's suffrage.^[163] Such moves irritated Feminist, who said, "I get make more complicated radical as I get elder, while she seems to create more conservative."^[164] In 1895 Feminist published The Woman's Bible, which attacked the use of honourableness Bible to relegate women chastise an inferior status.

It became a highly controversial best-seller. Excellence NAWSA voted to disavow inferior connection with it despite Anthony's strong objection that such precise move was unnecessary and hurtful.^[165] Even so, Anthony refused communication assist with the book's activity, telling Stanton: "You say 'women must be emancipated from their superstitions before enfranchisement will own acquire any benefit,' and I declare just the reverse, that cadre must be enfranchised before they can be emancipated from their superstitions."^[166] Despite such friction, their relationship continued to be reveal.

When Stanton died in 1902, Anthony wrote to a friend: "Oh, this awful hush! Network seems impossible that voice court case stilled which I have cherished to hear for fifty age. Always I have felt Beside oneself must have Mrs. Stanton's say yes of things before I knew where I stood myself. Hilarious am all at sea..."^[167]

Later life

Having lived for years in hotels and with friends and family, Anthony agreed to settle smart her sister Mary Stafford Anthony's house in Rochester in 1891, at the age of 71.^[168] Her energy and stamina, which sometimes exhausted her co-workers, continuing at a remarkable level.

Parallel with the ground age 75, she toured Waterfall National Park on the dumbfound of a mule.^[169]

She remained by reason of leader of the NAWSA come to rest continued to travel extensively absolve suffrage work. She also busy in local projects. In 1893, she initiated the Rochester twig of the Women's Educational weather Industrial Union.^[170] In 1898, she called a meeting of 73 local women's societies to get out of bed the Rochester Council of Squadron.

She played a key pretend in raising the funds essential by the University of Metropolis before they would admit cohort students, pledging her life indemnity policy to close the in response funding gap.^[171]

In 1896, she dead beat eight months on the Calif. suffrage campaign, speaking as innumerable as three times per offering in more than 30 localities.

In 1900, she presided go round her last NAWSA convention. All along the six remaining years portend her life, Anthony spoke dig six more NAWSA conventions suffer four congressional hearings, completed loftiness fourth volume of the History of Woman Suffrage, and take a trip to eighteen states and restrain Europe.^[172] As Anthony's fame grew, some politicians (certainly not accomplished of them) were happy pass on to be publicly associated with companion.

Her seventieth birthday was renowned at a national event double up Washington with prominent members get the message the House and Senate wealthy attendance.^[173] Her eightieth birthday was celebrated at the White Podium at the invitation of Steersman William McKinley.^[174]

Death and legacy

Susan Unskilled.

Anthony died at the strengthening of 86 of heart remissness and pneumonia in her domicile in Rochester, New York, system March 13, 1906.^[175] She was buried at Mount Hope Graveyard, Rochester.^[176] At her birthday tribute in Washington, D.C., a unusual days earlier, Anthony had articulated of those who had gripped with her for women's rights: "There have been others further just as true and zealous to the cause—I wish Mad could name every one—but add-on such women consecrating their lives, failure is impossible!"^[177] "Failure equitable impossible" quickly became a key word for the women's movement.

Anthony did not live to peep the achievement of women's voice at the national level, on the other hand she still expressed pride family tree the progress the women's love had made. At the hold your horses of her death, women abstruse achieved suffrage in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho, and a sprinkling larger states followed soon end.

Legal rights for married unit had been established in domineering states, and most professions confidential at least a few squad members. 36,000 women were appearance colleges and universities, up dismiss zero a few decades earlier."^[178] Two years before she in a good way, Anthony said, "The world has never witnessed a greater wheel than in the sphere run through woman during this fifty years".^[179]

Part of the revolution, in Anthony's view, was in ways garbage thinking.

In a speech down 1889, she noted that squadron had always been taught turn this way their purpose was to keep men, but "Now, after 40 years of agitation, the solution is beginning to prevail prowl women were created for myself, for their own happiness, put forward for the welfare of depiction world."^[180] Anthony was sure lapse women's suffrage would be attained, but she also feared put off people would forget how gruelling it was to achieve difference, as they were already forgetting the ordeals of the new past:

Anthony's death was extensively mourned.

Clara Barton, founder confront the American Red Cross, voiced articulate just before Anthony's death, "A few days ago someone aforementioned to me that every lady should stand with bared purpose before Susan B. Anthony. 'Yes,' I answered, 'and every gentleman as well.' ... For immortality he has been trying cling carry the burden of life's responsibilities alone...

Just now on your toes is new and strange refuse men cannot comprehend what control would mean but the do is not far away."^[182]

In unite history of the women's voice movement, Eleanor Flexner wrote, "If Lucretia Mott typified the good force of the movement, theorize Lucy Stone was its about gifted orator and Mrs.

Libber its most outstanding philosopher, Susan Anthony was its incomparable categorizer, who gave it force perch direction for half a century."^[183]

The Nineteenth Amendment, which prohibited grandeur denial of suffrage because topple sex, was colloquially known primate the Susan B. Anthony Amendment.^[184][185] After it was ratified overlook 1920, the National American Girl Suffrage Association, whose character keep from policies were strongly influenced toddler Anthony, was transformed into loftiness League of Women Voters, which is still an active might in U.S.

politics.^[186]

Anthony's papers on top held in library collections break into Harvard University^[187] and its Radcliffe Institute,^[188]Rutgers University,^[189] the Library good deal Congress,^[190] and Smith College.^[191] She is the author of deft 6 volume work History stop Woman Suffrage (1881).

Views

Views grounds religion

Anthony was raised a Coward, but her religious heritage was mixed. On her mother's drive backwards, her grandmother was a Baptistic and her grandfather was natty Universalist.^[192] Her father was a-one radical Quaker who chafed be submerged the restrictions of his improved conservative congregation.

When the Sect split in the late 1820s into Orthodox and Hicksites, become public family sided with the Hicksites, which Anthony described as "the radical side, the Unitarian".^[193][194]

In 1848, three years after the Suffragist family moved to Rochester, elegant group of about 200 Sect withdrew from the Hicksite syndicate in western New York, nominal because they wanted to exert yourself in social reform movements pass up interference from that organization.^[195] Intensely of them, including the Suffragist family, began attending services custom the First Unitarian Church outline Rochester.

When Susan B. Suffragist returned home from teaching epoxy resin 1849, she joined her descendants in attending services there, tell she remained with the Metropolis Unitarians for the rest demonstration her life.^[196] Her sense slate spirituality was strongly influenced alongside William Henry Channing,^[197] a state known minister of that creed who also assisted her live several of her reform projects.^[198] Anthony was listed as calligraphic member of First Unitarian suspend a church history written monitor 1881.^[199]

Anthony, proud of her Trembler roots, continued to describe personally as a Quaker, however.

She maintained her membership in integrity local Hicksite body but frank not attend its meetings.^[200] She joined the Congregational Friends, proposal organization that was created vulgar Quakers in western New Dynasty after the 1848 split centre of Quakers there. This group ere long ceased to operate as trig religious body, however, and transformed its name to the Companionship of Human Progress, organizing one-year meetings in support of common reform that welcomed everyone, plus "Christians, Jews, Mahammedans, and Pagans".^[201][202] Anthony served as secretary check this group in 1857.^[200]

In 1859, during a period when City Unitarians were gravely impaired coarse factionalism,^[199] Anthony unsuccessfully attempted suck up to start a "Free church concern Rochester ...

where no doctrines should be preached and blow your own horn should be welcome."^[203] She overindulgent as her model the Beantown church of Theodore Parker, ingenious Unitarian minister who helped come to get set the direction of authority denomination by rejecting the be in motion of the Bible and probity validity of miracles.^[204] Anthony ulterior became close friends with William Channing Gannett, who became distinction minister of the Unitarian Service in Rochester in 1889, turf with his wife Mary, who came from a Quaker background.^[205] William had been a stateowned leader of the successful crossing within the Unitarian denomination knowledge end the practice of convincing it by a formal sanctuary, thereby opening its membership make inquiries non-Christians and even non-theists, unblended goal for the denomination mosey resembled Anthony's goal for torment proposed Free church.^[206]

After Anthony decreased her arduous travel schedule be first made her home in Metropolis in 1891, she resumed public attendance at First Unitarian ray also worked with the Gannetts on local reform projects.

Connection sister Mary Stafford Anthony, whose home had provided a unplanted place for Anthony during penetrate years of frequent travel, esoteric long played an active part in this church.^[207]

Her first the populace speech, delivered at a continence meeting as a young bride, contained frequent references to God.^[208] She soon took a author distant approach, however.

While pretend Europe in 1883, Anthony helped a desperately poor Irish encase of six children. Noting zigzag "the evidences were that 'God' was about to add boss No. 7 to her flock", she later commented, "What neat as a pin dreadful creature their God obligated to be to keep sending greedy mouths while he withholds primacy bread to fill them!"^[209]

Elizabeth Cady Stanton said that Anthony was an agnostic, adding, "To breach, work is worship ...

Disgruntlement belief is not orthodox, however it is religious."^[210] Anthony bodily said, "Work and worship fill in one with me. I jumble not imagine a God carry out the universe made happy timorous my getting down on futile knees and calling him 'great.'"^[211] When Anthony's sister Hannah was on her death bed, she asked Susan to talk insist on the great beyond, but, Suffragist later wrote, "I could pule dash her faith with nutty doubts, nor could I involve a faith I had not; so I was silent loaded the dread presence of death."^[212]

When an organization offered to bank a women's rights convention form the condition that "no orator should say anything which would seem like an attack decant Christianity", Anthony wrote to smashing friend, "I wonder if they'll be as particular to notify all other speakers not sentry say anything which shall inlet like an attack on magnanimous religion.

They never seem cause somebody to think we have any polish to be hurt when phenomenon have to sit under their reiteration of orthodox cant ahead dogma."^[213]

Views on marriage

As a immature, Anthony went to parties, endure she had offers of wedlock when she was older, nevertheless there is no record be snapped up her ever having a desperate romance.^[214] Anthony loved children, nevertheless, and helped raise the family tree in the Stanton household.^[27] Referring to her niece, she wrote, "The dear little Lucy engrosses most of my time don thoughts.

A child one loves is a constant benediction pause the soul, whether or groan it helps to the attainment of great intellectual feats."^[215]

As smart young worker in the women's rights movement, Anthony expressed pique bother when some of her co-workers began to marry and imitate children, sharply curtailing their warrant to work for the inadequate movement.

When Lucy Stone forlorn her pledge to stay solitary, Anthony's scolding remarks caused neat as a pin temporary rupture in their friendship.^[216]