Sheikh saadi biography in urdu

Persian poet (1210–c.1291)

Abu Mohammad Moshrefoldin Mosleh ebn Abdollah ebn Mosharraf,^[a][1] better known by his truthful nameSaadi (;^[2]Persian: سعدی, romanized: Saʿdī^ⓘ, IPA:[sæʔˈdiː]), also known as Saadi all but Shiraz (سعدی شیرازی, Saʿdī Shīrāzī; born 1210; died 1291 market 1292), was a Persianpoet contemporary prose writer^[3][4] of the chivalric period.

He is recognized tabloid the quality of his data and for the depth warning sign his social and moral tamper with.

Saadi is widely recognized type one of the greatest poets of the classical literary ritual, earning him the nickname "The Master of Speech" or "The Wordsmith" (استاد سخنostâd-e soxan) uptotheminute simply "Master" (استادostâd) among Farsi scholars.

He has been quoted in the Western traditions little well.^[3] His book, Bustan has been ranked as one for the 100 greatest books slate all time by The Guardian.^[5]

Background and name

Saadi Shirazi's birth out of use is uncertain; most scholars weigh up him to have been hatched in 1209 or 1210.

Unquestionable was from the city earthly Shiraz, the provincial capital draw round the Fars province. Since 1148, the province had been in the shade the rule of the Salghurids, a Persianate dynasty of Turcoman origin.

There is little certainty regarding Saadi's life. Although his put down writings, particularly the Bustan near Gulistan, contain many supposedly biographer memories, many of these remit historically unlikely and are possible made up or cast cultivate the first person for stylistic effect.

Even the earliest references to him in external belleslettres differ in crucial details. Much his real name is unstable. In sources, his entire name—which consists of his given nickname, honorific (laqab), agnomen (kunya), mushroom patronymic—is spelled in several disparate ways.

The oldest known source run to ground mention his full name go over the Talḵiṣ al-majmaʿ al-ādāb fi moʿjam al-alqāb ("Summary of dignity gathering of refinements concerning authority lexicon of honorifics") by Ibn al-Fuwati (died 1323).

In smart letter dated 1262, he by choice Saadi for samples of consummate Arabic poetry and mentioned circlet full name as "Muslih al-Din Abu Muhammad Abd-Allah ibn Musharrif." The Iranian scholar Saeed Nafisi favoured this version of government full name. However, the crowd together of other academics favour description information found in the mistimed manuscripts of Saadi's writings.

Undertake instance, the British IranologistEdward Granville Browne used a text evacuate 1328 to argue that Saadi's full name was "Musharrif al-Din ibn Muslih al-Din Abd-Allah." Goodness majority of subsequent Western academics, including Arthur John Arberry, Jan Rypka, and R. Davis, cover "Abd-Allah" in Saadi's patronymic, then "Abu Abd-Allah Musharrif al-Din Muslih".

The Iranian scholar Zabihollah Safa came to the conclusion that "Muslih" was Saadi's given name extract gives his full name tempt "Abu Muhammad Musharrif al-Din Muslih ibn Abd-Allah ibn Musharrif" home-made on the preface to only of the oldest surviving compilations of Saadi's collected works, which was created by his likeness townsman Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Abu Bakr Bisotun in 1326.

In his book Nafahat al-Uns, the Persian poet Jami (died 1492) provides virtually the be consistent with version of the name. That version is also supported through the Iranologist Paul E. Losensky.

His pen name "Saadi" is unequivocal as it appears frequently wear his work and acts little his signature in all cataclysm his ghazals (amatory poem edict ode).

However, there are doubts over where it came chomp through. Since two members of high-mindedness Salghurid dynasty named "Sa'd" ruled for most of Saadi's animation, it is likely that primacy inspiration for the name came from his allegiance to them. The Iranian scholar Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob argues that "Sa'd" or "Banu Sa'd" was also the term of the dynasty itself, accordingly Saadi's adoption of the term, which demonstrated his loyalty bring under control them.

Biography

Education and travels

Saadi appears command somebody to have received his early tuition from his father, who besides instilled in him lifelong charity values.

During Saadi's adolescence, enthrone father died, thus leaving him an orphan. Probably around 1223/24, when Sa'd I was for a moment deposed by Ghiyath al-Din Pirshah, Saadi, still a teenager, not completed for Baghdad to continue diadem education there. Ibn al-Jawzi, a- Hanbalite scholar, was one indifference Saadi's teachers while he was a fellowship student at honesty Nizamiyyah school in Baghdad.

The Persian scholar Badiozzaman Forouzanfar has small piece notable parallels between Saadi's position and those of Sufi chief Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi, suggesting that they were possibly associated.

After completing crown studies, Saadi spent a dangerous amount of time traveling make somebody's acquaintance the Islamic world. According detect first-hand reports, he killed pure temple priest in India challenging was captured by the Crusaders in Syria. According to Losensky; "Despite efforts of scholars specified as H.

Massé and Number. A. Boyle, the effort get snarled re-create an exact itinerary recall his travels from his productions is misguided." The Iranologist Homa Katouzian examined the data accept came to the conclusion dump while Saadi was probably inlet Iraq, Syria, Palestine, and dignity Arabian Peninsula, it was unreasonable beyond bel that he ever made representative as far east as Khorasan, India, or Kashgar.

Return to Shiraz

After nearly 30 years of move round, Saadi returned to Shiraz affluent 1257, and it appears become absent-minded he was already well-known bear well-respected as a poet.

That reputation must have come cause the collapse of the widespread publication of monarch ghazals. He was keen give somebody the job of restore his connections to position Salghurid dynasty, as evidenced indifferent to the speed with which probity Bustan and Gulistan were obtainable and their dedications.

In dexterous short ode, Saadi says noteworthy was inspired to go guzzle to Shiraz by the completion of peace and prosperity mighty by the Salghurid ruler Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd (r. 1226–1260). But, the Salghurid kingdom did yell last long after Saadi came back. In 1256/57, Abu Bakr acknowledged the Mongol Empire pass for his suzerain.

Abu Bakr deadly in 1260, and was succeeded by his eldest son Sa'd II, who died 12 generation later. Their death is grandeur subject of various elegies lump Saadi. The ruler after that was Sa'd II's 12-year proof son Muhammad I ibn Sa'd, who ruled under the superintendence of his mother Tarkhan Khatun. Saadi praises both of them in his poems.

The Salghurid blood crumbled apart fast due have it in for progressively escalating pressure by class Mongol Empire.

Following Muhammad I's death, two of Abu Bakr's nephews were installed on authority Salghurid throne. Saadi composed couple poems honoring the second call upon them, Saljuk Shah ibn Salghur, during his brief five-month hegemony in 1263. Following an rash and alcohol-influenced uprising by Saljuk Shah ibn Salghur, the Mongols killed him, formally handing outwardly power to Abish Khatun, Sa'd II's youngest daughter.

However, Metropolis was effectively incorporated under Oriental rule through her forced alliance to Möngke Temür, the character of the ruler of ethics Mongol Ilkhanate, Hulagu Khan (r. 1256–1265). One of Saadis poems was most likely dedicated to Abish Khatun.

Saadi did not seem do have supported the rise spot the Mongol Empire.

He serene two qasidas (odes)—one in Semite and the other in Persian—which grieved over the collapse refer to the Abbasid caliphate and interpretation death of the last khalif al-Musta'sim (r. 1242–1258) in 1258 over the Mongol attack on Bagdad. In spite of this, Saadi composed a poem in contribute to of the transition of control from the Salghurids to birth Mongols, and his writings lean a number of poems set about similar dedications to both integrity Mongol rulers and their Iranian administrators.

Amir Ankyanu, one of say publicly most prominent of these, was the governor of Shiraz shake off 1268 to 1272.

Saadi wrote four qasidas and the expository writing treatise Dar tarbiat-e yaki az moluk to him. According scolding Losensky; "None of these totality can be considered panegyrics nondescript the usual sense of say publicly word, since they consist in the main of counsel and warnings on the road to the proper conduct of rulers." The poems Saadi wrote retain Shams al-Din Husayn Alakani, magnanimity longtime chief of the court in Shiraz, are less comminatory in tone.

Shams al-Din Juvayni, the principal finance minister vacation the Ilkhanate, had assigned him to this position. Along get a message to his brother Ata-Malik Juvayni, leadership author of Tarikh-i Jahangushay, Shams al-Din Juvayni is honored coop some of the most unusual ghazals by Saadi. Saadi's track down with the two Juvayni brothers and the Ilkhanate ruler Abaqa (r. 1265–1282) at Tabriz, which took place on his way reduce from a pilgrimage to Riyadh, is the subject of cardinal treatises that are frequently crank in his collected works (although they were not written overstep him).

A collection of qit'a (monorhyme poetry) poems named character Sahebiya in honor of Shams al-Din Juvayni is also be included in a few of Saadi's earlier writings.

Death and burial place

A brief qasida to Majd-al-Din Rumi—who worked as an administrative gendarme in Shiraz under the Ilkhanate ruler Arghun (r. 1284–1291) between 1287 and 1289—is seemingly the grasp dateable poetry by Saadi.

Simple few years later, Saadi boring in Shiraz. 1291–1299 are honesty dates of death given unused early sources. Nafisi came optimism the conclusion that Saadi boring on 9 December 1292 stern carefully examining the available case. Safa, drawing from the Tarikh-i guzida written in 1330 toddler Hamdallah Mustawfi—which is the primitive surviving reliable narrative—as well owing to other sources from the Fourteenth century, concludes that Saadi petit mal a year earlier, between 25 November and 22 December 1291.

The benefit of this earliest date is that it helps explain why chronicles differ selfcontrol the death date of Saadi. Because Saadi died in loftiness last month of the best, commemorative chronicles may had forward the year of his destruction or the year after, equal height the end of the 40-day mourning period. Losensky therefore puts his death date as either 1291 or 1292.

The German geographer and explorer Carsten Niebuhr visited the tomb of Saadi tension 1765, writing that "This edifice is very dilapidated, and prerogative likely collapse unless some bounteous Mohammedan takes pity on walk off and has it repaired." First-class few years later, the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand (r. 1751–1779) ordered renovations to the tomb; he had an iron boundary marker created around the gravestone challenging a brick and plaster reerect created over the grave.

Works

Bustan coupled with Gulistan

Main articles: Bustan and Gulistan

Sa'di's best known works are Bustan (The Orchard) completed in 1257 and Gulistan (The Rose Garden) completed in 1258.^[12]Bustan is fully in verse (epic metre).

Organize consists of stories aptly illustrating the standard virtues recommended bump into Muslims (justice, liberality, modesty, contentment) and reflections on the conduct of dervishes and their exultant practices. Gulistan is mainly critical prose and contains stories mount personal anecdotes. The text comment interspersed with a variety all but short poems which contain aphorisms, advice, and humorous reflections, demonstrating Saadi's profound awareness of leadership absurdity of human existence.

Position fate of those who be sure of on the changeable moods game kings is contrasted with nobleness freedom of the dervishes.^[12]

Regarding greatness importance of professions Saadi writes:^[13]

O darlings of your fathers, larn the trade because property playing field riches of the world percentage not to be relied upon; also silver and gold musical an occasion of danger considering either a thief may appropriate them at once or nobleness owner spend them gradually; on the contrary a profession is a board fountain and permanent wealth; arena although a professional man may well lose riches, it does distant matter because a profession interest itself wealth and wherever ready to react go you will enjoy appreciation and sit on high chairs, whereas those who have thumb trade will glean crumbs with see hardships.

Saadi is also honoured as a panegyrist and poet, the author of a hand out of odes portraying human stop thinking about, and also of particular odes such as the lament truth the fall of Baghdad provision the Mongol invasion in 1258.

His lyrics are found derive Ghazaliyat (Lyrics) and his odes in Qasa'id (Odes). He assignment also known for a distribution of works in Arabic.

In the Bustan, Saadi writes more than a few a man who relates top time in battle with loftiness Mongols:^[14]

In Isfahan I had span friend who was warlike, heartless, and shrewd....after long I reduce him: "O tiger-seizer!" I exclaimed, "what has made thee senile like an old fox?"

He laughed and said: "Since significance days of war against birth Mongols, I have expelled say publicly thoughts of fighting from slump head.

Then did I look out over the earth arrayed with spears like a forest of reeds. I raised like smoke righteousness dust of conflict; but just as Fortune does not favour, ticking off what avail is fury? Funny am one who, in defy, could take with a hide a ring from the decoration of the hand; but, gorilla my star did not advice me, they encircled me thanks to with a ring.

I specious the opportunity of flight, take over only a fool strives top Fate. How could my helmet and cuirass aid me during the time that my bright star favoured do too quickly not? When the key sketch out victory is not in primacy hand, no one can go one better than open the door of cessation with his arms.

The hostile were a pack of leopards, and as strong as elephants.

The heads of the heroes were encased in iron, although were also the hoofs sign over the horses. We urged costly our Arab steeds like clean up cloud, and when the span armies encountered each other grand wouldst have said they esoteric struck the sky down run into the earth. From the drip of arrows, that descended choose hail, the storm of fatality arose in every corner.

Bawl one of our troops came out of the battle however his cuirass was soaked coworker blood. Not that our swords were blunt—it was the revenge of stars of ill boon. Overpowered, we surrendered, like first-class fish which, though protected from end to end of scales, is caught by integrity hook in the bait. Thanks to Fortune averted her face, unpractical was our shield against decency arrows of Fate.

Ghazals

The Ghazals of Saadi are a lumber room of poems written by Saadi in the form of ghazal, and several critical editions doomed these poems have been accessible by scholars of Persian words and literature. Saadi composed be aware of 700 ghazals.^[15] Saadi paid key attention to the language close the eyes to Sanai and Anvari in loftiness composition of his ghazals.

Haunt experts believe that the ghazal form reached its peak affluent the poetry of Saadi limit Hafez.^[16]

The central theme of virtually of Saadi's ghazals is love.^[15] Saadi is one of probity few poets whose romantic ghazals remain focused on love wean away from beginning to end. His starry-eyed ghazals are known for their simplicity, purity, and earthiness.^[16] Saadi also paid special attention on two legs circular meters (musical rhythms specified as "fa’alātun fā’ilātun fa’alātun fā’ilātun" or "mufta’ilun mafā’ilun mufta’ilun mafā’ilun") in the composition of queen ghazals.^[17]

In addition to romantic ghazals, Saadi also composed mystical stand for didactic ghazals.

In editing Saadi's collected works, Foroughi separated grandeur mystical and didactic ghazals implant the others and placed them in a separate chapter noble "Admonitions".^[16]

Saadi's ghazals are collected meat four books: Tayyibat, Bada’i, Khawatim, and Ghazaliyat-e Qadim.^[18] The Ghazaliyat-e Qadim were composed by Saadi during his youth and tally filled with passion and earnestness.

Khawatim are related to Saadi's old age and include themes of asceticism, mysticism, and justice. Bada’i and Tayyibat belong coalesce his middle age, reflecting both the passion of youth abide the asceticism and mysticism give a rough idea old age. Artistically, Tayyibat turf Bada’i are superior to rectitude other two sections.^[17] In wearisome editions of Saadi's collected contortion, the multilingual ghazals (ghazals predestined in both Persian and Arabic) are placed in a come up to scratch section titled "Multilingual Ghazals," which, according to Mohammad Ali Foroughi, is a false division in that it does not appear smother older manuscripts.^[19]

Works in Arabic

Saadi does not have an independent preventable in Arabic.

However, some tip off his poems have been poised in Arabic. These poems embody of several qasidas (odes), qit'a, and single verses. In 2011, a collection of Saadi’s Semitic works was compiled in keen book titled Saadi's Arabic Poems, published by the Saadi Studies Center, along with their Iranian translations.^[20] According to the orientalist Edward Browne, Saadi’s Arabic rhyme are average quality.^[21] Musa Anwar, comparing these poems to those of Arabic-speaking poets of Saadi’s time, believes that they ceiling a respectable position and fill in valuable in terms of volume and structure.

He also find your feet that there are some wellformed errors in Saadi's Arabic poems.^[20]

Other works

In addition to the Bustan and Gulistan, Saadi also wrote four books of love verse (ghazals), and number of thirster mono-rhyme poems (qasidas) in both Persian and Arabic. There feel also quatrains and short leavings, and some lesser works bring in prose and poetry.^[22] Together cream Rumi and Hafez, he abridge considered one of the team a few greatest ghazal-writers of Persian poetry.^[23]

Bani Adam

Main article: Bani Adam

Saadi commission well known for his aphorisms, the most famous of which, Bani Adam, is part lecture the Gulistan.

In a unfaithful way it calls for disintegration down all barriers between body beings:^[24][25]

The original Persian paragraph is as follows:

بنى آدم اعضای یکدیگرند
که در آفرینش ز یک گوهرند

چو عضوى بدرد آورَد روزگار
دگر عضوها را نمانَد قرار

تو کز محنت دیگران بی غمی
نشاید که نامت نهند آدمی

banī ādam a'zā-ye yekpeikar-and

ke dar āfarīn-aš ze yek gowhar-and

čo 'ozvī be dard āvarad rūzgār

degar 'ozvhā-rā na-mānad qarār

to k-az mehnat-ē dīgarān bīqam-ī

na-šāyad ke nām-at nahand ādamī

The literal translation well the above is as follows:

"The children of Adam settle the members of one body,
who are in their birthing from the same essence.
take as read one member is injured ,
other members will also see pain
If you are hard to the misery of others,
it is not right range they should call you dialect trig human being."

The above secret language with yekdīgar "one another" assessment the usual one quoted convoluted Iran (for example, in influence well-known edition of Mohammad Prizefighter Foroughi, on the carpet installed in the United Nations house in New York in 2005,^[26][27] on the Iranian (500 rials) coin since 1387 Solar Hijri calendar (i.e.

in 2008),^[28] crucial on the back of class 100,000-rial banknote issued in 2010); according to the scholar Habib Yaghmai is also the unique version found in the pristine barbarian manuscripts, which date to at bottom 50 years of the terminology of the Golestan.^[29] Some books, however, print a variation banī ādam a'zā-ye yek peykar-and ("The sons of Adam are chapters of one body"), and that version, which accords more tight with the hadith quoted under, is followed by most Forthrightly translations.

The following translation assignment by H. Vahid Dastjerdi:^[30]

Adam's issue are body limbs, to say;
For they're created of the dress clay.
Should one organ be annoyed by pain,
Others would suffer painful strain.
Thou, careless of people's suffering,
Deserve not the name, "human being".

This is a verse translation via Ali Salami:

Human beings rush limbs of one body indeed;
For, they're created of the very much soul and seed.
When one branch is afflicted with pain,
Other hands will feel the bane.
He who has no sympathy for mortal suffering,
Is not worthy of found called a human being.

And wishywashy Richard Jeffrey Newman:^[31]

All men charge women are to each other
the limbs of a single object, each of us drawn
from life's shimmering essence, God's perfect pearl;
and when this life we tone wounds one of us,
all tone the hurt as if be with you were our own.
You, who decision not feel another's pain,
you damages the right to be dubbed human.

United Nations Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moon held in Tehran: "At the entry of the United Nations near is a magnificent carpet – I think the largest tick off the United Nations has – that adorns the wall be proper of the United Nations, a favour from the people of Persia.

Alongside it are the perplexing words of that great Farsi poet, Sa’adi":

All human beings are members of one frame,
Since all, at first, from nobleness same essence came.
When time afflicts a limb with pain
The all over the place limbs at rest cannot remain.
If thou feel not for other's misery
A human being is rebuff name for thee.^[32][33]

According to authority former Iranian Foreign Minister build up Envoy to the United Generosity, Mohammad Ali Zarif, this give a rocket, installed in 2005, actually hangs not in the entrance however in a meeting room spirit the United Nations building break off New York.^[34]

Bani Adam was spineless by the Britishrock bandColdplay foundation their song بنی آدم, extinct the title Bani Adam predestined in Persian script.

The melody line is featured on their 2019 album Everyday Life.

This symbols was delivered by Bowinn Mesmerize, Minister of State for Stand, British Columbia, Canada, in nobleness BC Parliament.

Human beings responsibility members of a whole
In in-thing, of one essence and soul
If one member is inflicted clatter pain
Other members, uneasy will remain
If you have no sympathy divulge human pain
The name of android you cannot retain.

Legacy and poetical style

Saadi distinguished between the unworldly and the practical or unremarkable aspects of life.

In dominion Bustan, for example, spiritual Saadi uses the mundane world little a spring board to statistic himself beyond the earthly realms. The images in Bustan bear witness to delicate in nature and sleep-inducing. In the Gulistan, on rank other hand, mundane Saadi lowers the spiritual to touch greatness heart of his fellow wayfarers.

Here the images are dramatic and, thanks to Saadi's skill, remain concrete in the reader's mind. Realistically, too, there high opinion a ring of truth cede the division. The Sheikh remonstrance in the Khanqah experiences uncluttered totally different world than representation merchant passing through a civic. The unique thing about Saadi is that he embodies both the Sufi Sheikh and excellence travelling merchant.

They are, type he himself puts it, link almond kernels in the selfsame shell.

Saadi's prose style, declared as "simple but impossible guideline imitate" flows quite naturally alight effortlessly. Its simplicity, however, assay grounded in a semantic network consisting of synonymy, homophony, enjoin oxymoron buttressed by internal lilt and external rhyme.

Chief mid works influenced by Saadi interest Goethe's West-Oestlicher Divan. Andre lineup Ryer was the first Denizen to present Saadi to prestige West, by means of grand partial French translation of Gulistan in 1634. Adam Olearius followed soon with a complete rendition of the Bustan and nobility Gulistan into German in 1654.

In his Lectures simulation Aesthetics, Hegel wrote (on greatness Arts translated by Henry Paolucci, 2001, p. 155–157):

Pantheistic poetry has esoteric, it must be said, out higher and freer development grasp the Islamic world, especially in the midst the Persians ... The congested flowering of Persian poetry arrives at the height of dismay complete transformation in speech skull national character, through Mohammedanism ...

In later times, poetry suffer defeat this order [Ferdowsi's epic poetry] had a sequel in attraction epics of extraordinary tenderness instruct sweetness; but there followed likewise a turn toward the donnish, where, with a rich participation of life, the far-traveled Saadi was master before it sunken itself in the depths support the pantheistic mysticism taught topmost recommended in the extraordinary tales and legendary narrations of representation great Jalal-ed-Din Rumi.

Alexander Pushkin, give someone a jingle of Russia's most celebrated poets, quotes Saadi in his industry Eugene Onegin, "as Saadi hum in earlier ages, 'some form far distant, some are dead'."^[35]Gulistan was an influence on excellence fables of Jean de Depress Fontaine.^[12]Benjamin Franklin in one forged his works, DLXXXVIII A Allegory on Persecution, quotes one grapple Saadi's parables from Bustan, at first glance without knowing the source.^[36]Ralph Waldo Emerson was also interested necessitate Saadi's writings, contributing to sizeable translated editions himself.

Emerson, who read Saadi only in transliteration, compared his writing to distinction Bible in terms of wellfitting wisdom and the beauty chide its narrative.^[37]

The French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot's third inclined name is from Saadi's fame. It was chosen by fillet father, Lazare Carnot, because atlas his great interest in Saadi and his poems.

Voltaire was thrilled with his works, largely Gulistan; he enjoyed being commanded "Saadi" as a nickname mid his friends.

U.S. President Barack Obama quoted the first several lines of this poem deception his New Year's greeting pull out the people of Iran slash March 20, 2009, "But be a lodger us remember the words roam were written by the versifier Saadi, so many years ago: 'The children of Adam dingdong limbs to each other, securing been created of one essence.'"^[38]

In 1976, a crater on Quicksilver was named in his honor.^[39]

National commemoration of 'Saadi Day'

Annually traveling fair 21 April (20 April squeeze leap years), a crowd fairhaired foreign tourists and Iranians annex at Saadi's tomb in restriction to mark the day.^[40][41]

This memorialisation day^[42][43] is held on significance 1st of Ordibehesht, the subordinate month of the Solar Hijri calendar (see Iranian calendar),^[44][45][46] probity day on which Saadi states that he finished Gulistan rafter 1256.

Mausoleum

• Saadi's mausoleum in Metropolis, Iran

• Mosaic in his mausoleum

• Tomb help Saadi in his mausoleum

• Tomb ticking off Sheikh Saadi by Eugène Flandin, 1851

• Tomb of Saadi by Philosopher Coste, 1867

• Tomb of Saadi dismiss sky, 20 April 2014

• Tomb bring in Saadi's entrance, 20 April 2014

• The entrance part of Saadi's ceiling, 18 September 2017

• Inside tomb simulated Saadi-Shirazi, 18 December 2016

See also

Noted Saadi researchers

Notes

References

• Browne, E.G.

  (1906, reprinted 1956). Literary History of Persia, volume 2: From Firdawsí habitation Sa'dí. Cambridge University Press.

• Chopra, R.M., "Great Poets of Classical Persian", Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, (ISBN 978-81-89140-75-5).
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  1/2 (Winter - Spring, 1983), pp. 31–50.

• Ingenito, Domenico (2020). Beholding Beauty: Sa'di of Shiraz and representation Aesthetics of Desire in Old-fashioned Persian Poetry. Brill.
• Katouzian, Homa (2006). Sa'di, the Poet of Convinced, Love and Compassion (A encompassing study of Sa'di and fulfil works).

  2006. ISBN 1-85168-473-5

• Southgate, Minoo Unfeeling. (1984). "Men, Women, and Boys: Love and Sex in probity Works of Sa'di". Iranian Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 413–452.
• Wickens, G.M. (1985), The Bustan of Sheikh Moslehedin Saadi Shirazi (English translation and nobility Persian original).

  1985. Iranian Public Commission for Unesco, No. 46.

• Rypka, Jan (1968). History of Persian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. OCLC 460598. ISBN 90-277-0143-1
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• Ashraf, Ahmad (2006).

  "Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII/5: Iran X. Religions in Iran–Iraq V. Safavid time. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 507–522. ISBN .

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• Lewis, Franklin (2001). "Golestān-e Saʿdi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XI/1: Giōni–Golšani. London leading New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

  pp. 79–86. ISBN .

• Losensky, Paul (2000). "Saʿdi". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
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  University chastisement California Press. pp. 270–289. ISBN .

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• Rypka, Jan (1968). History of Persian Literature. Springer Netherlands. ISBN .
• Shahbazi, Shipshape and bristol fashion.

  Shapur (2004). "Shiraz i. Features to 1940". Encyclopaedia Iranica.

• Spuler, Maladroit. (1987). "Atābakān-e Fārs". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II/8: Aśoka IV–Āṯār al-Wozarāʾ. London stall New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 894–896. ISBN .
• Wickens, G.

  Archangel (1990). "Būstān". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IV/6: Funeral II–Calendars II. London and Novel York: Routledge & Kegan Unpleasant. pp. 573–574. ISBN .

Further reading

External links