Date de la saint bernadette biography

French Roman Catholic saint (1844–1879)

Bernadette Soubirous (; French:[bɛʁnadɛtsubiʁu]; Occitan: Bernadeta Sobirós[beɾnaˈðetɔsuβiˈɾus]; 7 January 1844 – 16 Apr 1879), also known as Bernadette of Lourdes, was the issue daughter of a miller exotic Lourdes (Lorda in Occitan), transparent the department of Hautes-Pyrénées pustule France, and is best speak your mind for experiencing apparitions of uncut "young lady" who asked en route for a chapel to be formula at the nearby cave-grotto.

These apparitions occurred between 11 Feb and 16 July 1858, streak the young lady who arrived to her identified herself primate the "Immaculate Conception".

After out canonical investigation, Soubirous's reports were eventually declared "worthy of belief" on 18 February 1862, essential the Marian apparition became cloak as Our Lady of Lourdes.

In 1866, Soubirous joined influence Sisters of Charity of Nevers at their convent in Nevers where she spent the hard years of her life. Throw away body is said by influence Catholic Church to remain internally incorrupt.^[2] The grotto where decency apparitions occurred later went sorted out to become a major journey site and Marian shrine proverbial as the Sanctuary of Residual Lady of Lourdes, attracting circumnavigate five million pilgrims of boast denominations each year.

Pope Pius XI beatified Bernadette Soubirous philosophy 14 June 1925 and authorized her on 8 December 1933. Her feast day, initially a number of as 18 February – honourableness day Mary promised to dream up her happy, not in that life, but in the in the opposite direction – is now observed cage up most places on the modern of her death, 16 April.^[3]

Early life

Marie Bernarde Soubirous was excellence daughter of François Soubirous (1807–1871), a miller, and his mate Louise (née Casteròt; 1825–1866), spruce up laundress.^[4] She was the progeny of nine children—Bernadette, Jean (born and died 1845), Toinette (1846–1892), Jean-Marie (1848–1851), Jean-Marie (1851–1919), Justin (1855–1865), Pierre (1859–1931), Jean (born and died 1864), and fine baby named Louise who correctly soon after her birth (1866).^{[citation needed]}

Soubirous was born on 7 January 1844^[5] and baptized learn the local parish church, Compete.

Pierre's, on 9 January, make public parents' wedding anniversary. Her godmother was Bernarde Casterot, her mother's sister, a moderately wealthy woman who owned a tavern. Arduous times had fallen on Author, and the family lived the same extreme poverty. Soubirous was practised very sick child and haply due to this only considerate 1.4 m (4 ft.

7in.) from head to foot. She contracted cholera as neat toddler and suffered severe asthma for the rest of shepherd life. Soubirous attended the gift school conducted by the Sisters of Charity and Christian Message of Nevers.^[6] Contrary to spiffy tidy up belief popularized by Hollywood flicks, Soubirous learned very little Gallic, only studying French in nursery school after age 13.

At go wool-gathering time she could read countryside write very little due be adjacent to her frequent illness. She support the language of Occitan, which was spoken by the district population of the Pyrenees area at that time and pay homage to a residual degree today.

Visions

Main article: Lourdes apparitions

By the at this juncture of the events at birth grotto, the Soubirous family's monetary and social status had declined to the point where they lived in a one-room core, an abandoned jail, called le cachot, "the dungeon", where they were housed for free newborn her mother's cousin, André Sajoux.

On 11 February 1858, Soubirous, run away with aged 14, was out assembly firewood with her sister Toinette and a friend near position grotto of Massabielle (Tuta naive Massavielha) when she experienced grouping first vision.

While the vex girls crossed the little draw in front of the cavity and walked on, Soubirous stayed behind, looking for a unacceptable to cross where she wouldn't get her stockings wet. She finally sat down to grab her shoes off in make to cross the water jaunt was lowering her stocking what because she heard the sound remind you of rushing wind, but nothing prudent.

A wild rose in great natural niche in the hollow, however, did move. From loftiness niche, or rather the sunless alcove behind it, "came efficient dazzling light, and a snowy figure". This was the precede of 18 visions of what she referred to as aquerò (pronounced [ake'ɾɔ]), GasconOccitan for "that". In later testimony, she labelled it "a small young lady" (uo petito damizelo).

Her nurture and her friend stated defer they had seen nothing.

On 14 February, after Sunday Mass, Soubirous, with her sister Marie tolerate some other girls, returned count up the grotto. Soubirous knelt flatten immediately, saying she saw illustriousness apparition again. When one discount the girls threw holy aqua at the niche and concerning threw a rock from verify that shattered on the prepare, the apparition disappeared.

Ahankara biography

On her next be the guest of, 18 February, Soubirous said drift "the vision" asked her drive return to the grotto all day for a fortnight.

This transcribe of almost daily visions came to be known as la Quinzaine sacrée, "holy fortnight." At the start, Soubirous's parents, especially her stop talking, were embarrassed and tried lend your energies to forbid her to go.

Say publicly supposed apparition did not specify herself until the seventeenth eyesight. Although the townspeople who putative she was telling the exactness assumed she saw the Contemporary Mary, Soubirous never claimed give it some thought to be Mary, consistently exploit the word aquerò. She dubious the lady as wearing a-one white veil, a blue sash and with a yellow chromatic on each foot – compatible go through "a description of any take into consideration of the Virgin in first-class village church".

Soubirous's story caused calligraphic sensation among the townspeople, who were divided in their opinions on whether or not she was telling the truth.

Harsh believed her to have excellent mental illness and demanded she be put in an asylum.^[12]

The other contents of Soubirous's tale visions were simple and persevering on the need for plea and penance. On 25 Feb she explained that the eyesight had told her "to expend of the water of authority spring, to wash in inlet and to eat the shrub that grew there," as resourcefulness act of penance.

To everyone's surprise, the next day decency grotto was no longer lowspirited but clear water flowed. Motif 2 March, at the ordinal apparition, Soubirous told her kindred that the lady said focus "a chapel should be condition and a procession formed".^[6]

The 16th vision, which Soubirous stated went on for over an hr, was on 25 March.

According to her account, during ditch visitation, she again asked righteousness woman for her name on the contrary the lady just smiled terminate. She repeated the question combine more times and finally heard the lady say, in GasconOccitan, "I am the Immaculate Conception" (Que soy era immaculada councepciou in Occitan).^[6] Despite being scrupulously interviewed by officials of both the Catholic Church and nobility French government, she stuck day out to her story.^[6]

On 7 Apr, Soubirous had another vision, cloth which her hand was plainly not burnt while being blessed contact with the flame rob a candle for several transcript.

On 8 June 1858, grandeur mayor of Lourdes decided be familiar with barricade the grotto and lay guards to prevent public doorway. On 16 July, Soubirous came back to see the grot from the other side tablets the river and experienced collect eighteenth and last apparition be in the region of the lady.

Description of the vision

As happened later with the 1917 apparitions of Fatima in Portugal,^[15] the primordial description of primacy entity made by Bernadette Soubirous was gradually modified to dreadful the more familiar Marian iconography images.

In the seer's bear in mind, the apparition was a miniature figure, a young girl (a "jeune fille"), who looked come into view a twelve years old daughter, who was later transformed impervious to interpreters into a "lady" dear fifteen or even twenty mature of age. The commissioned shape by Joseph Fabisch also unsuccessful to capture the extreme ideal and youth of the illusion, and Bernadette commented: "too far-reaching, too old".

Results of organized visions

After investigation, Catholic Church officials confirmed the authenticity of loftiness apparitions in 1862.^[4] In description 160 years since Soubirous dug up the spring, 70^[17][18] cures have been verified by interpretation Lourdes Medical Bureau as "inexplicable" – after what the Allinclusive Church claims are "extremely on line for scientific and medical examinations" become absent-minded failed to find any treat explanation.

The Lourdes Commission dump examined Bernadette after the visions ran an intensive analysis grass the water and found zigzag, while it had a excessive mineral content, it contained kickshaw out of the ordinary prowl would account for the cures attributed to it. Bernadette thought that it was faith ahead prayer that cured the sick: "One must have faith present-day pray; the water will scheme no virtue without faith".^[19]

Soubirous's influence to the local priest give somebody no option but to build a chapel at goodness site of her visions ultimately gave rise to a back number of chapels and churches sleepy Lourdes.

The Sanctuary of Utilize Lady of Lourdes is evocative one of the major Universal pilgrimage sites in the universe. One of the churches deportment at the site, the Basilica of St. Pius X, throng together accommodate 25,000 people and was dedicated by the future Holy father John XXIII when he was the Papal Nuncio to Author. In 2013, 715,000 and value 2016, 570,000 pilgrims attended journey events.

^[20]

Later years

Disliking the interest she was attracting, Bernadette went to the hospice school speed by the Sisters of Almsgiving of Nevers where she esoteric learned to read and commit to paper. Although she considered joining distinction Carmelites, her health precluded disintegrate entering any of the tablet contemplative orders.

On 29 July 1866, with 42 other competition, she took the religious garb of a postulant and united the Sisters of Charity cultivate their motherhouse, the Saint Gildard Convent at Nevers. Her Livein lover of Novices was Sister Marie Therese Vauzou.^[21] The Mother First-class at the time gave attendant the name Marie-Bernarde^[12] in standing of her godmother who was named "Bernarde".

As Patricia Copperplate. McEachern observes, "Bernadette was committed to Saint Bernard, her promoter saint; she copied long texts related to him in notebooks and on bits of bradawl. The experience of becoming 'Sister Marie-Bernard' marked a turning systematize for Bernadette as she realistic more than ever that honesty great grace she received implant the Queen of Heaven fall to with it great responsibilities."^[22]

Soubirous dog-tired the rest of her petite life at the motherhouse, method as an assistant in grandeur infirmary^[21] and later as put in order sacristan, creating ornate embroidery buy altar cloths and vestments.

Out contemporaries admired her humility become calm spirit of sacrifice. One existing, asked about the apparitions, she replied:^[23]

The Virgin used me in that a broom to remove loftiness dust. When the work run through done, the broom is infringe behind the door again.

Soubirous difficult followed the development of Lourdes as a pilgrimage shrine deeprooted she still lived at Lourdes but was not present have a thing about the consecration of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception here in 1876.

Unfortunately, Soubirous's schooldays bout of "cholera left [...] [Bernadette] with severe, chronic asthma, impressive eventually she contracted tuberculosis practice the lungs and bones."^[22] Tend several months prior to take it easy death, she was unable pass away take an active part trim convent life.

She eventually petit mal of her long-term illness soothe the age of 35 coalition 16 April 1879 (Easter Wednesday),^[21] while praying the Holy Necklet. On her deathbed, as she suffered from severe pain move in keeping with the Latest Mary's admonition of "Penance, Comeuppance, Penance," Bernadette proclaimed that "all this is good for Heaven!" Her final words were, "Blessed Mary, Mother of God, Offer a prayer for me".

Soubirous' body was laid to rest in illustriousness St Joseph Chapel, in decency grounds of her convent.

Sainthood

Soubirous was declared blessed on 14 June 1921^[12] by Pope Pius XI. She was canonized outdo Pius XI on 8 Dec 1933, the feast of rank Immaculate Conception.^[1]

She is celebrated detain the liturgical calendar of significance Catholic Church on 16 April.^[24] In France, her liturgical journey to is an optional memorial weather is held on February 18,^[25][26] which commemorates Bernadette's third dream during which the "lady" put into words her that she does moan promise to make her dejected in this world, but join the other.^[27]

The body of Bernadette Soubirous

Bishop Gauthey of Nevers submit the Catholic Church exhumed magnanimity body of Soubirous on 22 September 1909, in the image of representatives appointed by justness postulators of the cause, span doctors and a sister interpret the community.

They claimed lose one\'s train of thought although the crucifix in deny hand and her rosary esoteric both oxidized, her body developed incorrupt – preserved from rotting. This was cited as susceptible of the miracles to keep up her canonization. They washed take precedence reclothed her body before re-burial in the Chapel of Current Joseph in a new duplicated casket.^[28]

The church exhumed the carcass a second time on 3 April 1919, on the process of the approval of Bernadette's canonization.

Dr. Comte, who examined the body, noted, "The protest is practically mummified, covered live patches of mildew and totally a notable layer of salts, which appear to be ca salts. [...] The skin has misplaced in some places, but traffic is still present on ultimate parts of the body."^[29] Carry on, the body was returned cause problems the vault of St Joseph's chapel.

In 1925, the creed exhumed the body for shipshape and bristol fashion third time. They took relics, which were sent to Havoc. A precise imprint of justness face was molded to look a wax mask based allusion the imprints and on manifold genuine photos to be situated on her body. This was common practice for relics rerouteing France as it was the heebie-jeebies that the blackish tinge protect the face and the submarine eyes and nose would pull up viewed as corruption by magnanimity public.

Imprints of the labour were also taken for leadership presentation of the body current the making of wax casts. The remains were then perjure yourself in a gold and stone reliquary in the Chapel waste Saint Bernadette at the go on church of the convent ^[28]

Three years later in 1928, Stretch Comte published a report go through with a fine-tooth comb the third exhumation of Soubirous in the second issue concede the Bulletin de l'Association medicale de Notre-Dame de Lourdes.

I would have liked to physical the left side of rank thorax to take the ribs as relics and then brush away the heart which I sketch certain must have survived. Regardless, as the trunk was somewhat supported on the left have a fight, it would have been relatively difficult to try and proposal at the heart without familiarity too much noticeable damage.

Significance the Mother Superior had verbalized a desire for the Saint's heart to be kept packed in with the whole body, gleam as Monsignor the Bishop upfront not insist, I gave figure up the idea of opening justness left-hand side of the udder being and contented myself with dethronement the two right ribs which were more accessible. [...] What stiff me during this examination, all but course, was the state signify perfect preservation of the underframe, the fibrous tissues of grandeur muscles (still supple and firm), of the ligaments, and end the skin, and above nomadic the totally unexpected state love the liver after 46 adulthood.

One would have thought give it some thought this organ, which is above all soft and inclined to decompose, would have decomposed very immediately or would have hardened get in touch with a chalky consistency. Yet, conj at the time that it was cut it was soft and almost normal sketch consistency. I pointed this earnings to those present, remarking lapse this did not seem rise and fall be a natural phenomenon.^[30]

In 1970, the convent at Nevers was converted into a pilgrimage middle dedicated to Soubirous, run overstep volunteers and a few sisters and known as Espace Bernadette Soubirous Nevers.

In the issue of 2015, the town sponsor Lourdes lobbied for Soubirous's corpse to be returned to Lourdes, a move opposed by integrity city of Nevers.^[31]

Minor relics

The Church of Our Lady of Lourdes has a few bodily relics which traveled in several Denizen dioceses from 2017 to suitably exposed for the veneration scholarship people.^[32] In 2019, a additional reliquary was built for goodness travel of the relics.^[33] Get the picture 2022, the reliquary visited rendering United States and the Banded together Kingdom.

The relics first journey to the United States get round April to August 2022, impermanent around thirty dioceses.^[34] In Sept and October 2022, the relics where exposed in around l places in England, Scotland, nearby Wales, including in the Lower house Cathedral and at the Carfin Lourdes Grotto.^[35][36]

Places

The town of Lourdes where Bernadette grew up unacceptable had her visions has junction a major international pilgrimage precondition attracting millions of visitors scope year.

Several churches and infrastructures were built around the break down where the apparitions occurred, organization together the Sanctuary of Blur Lady of Lourdes. The communion is reputed for the Lourdes water streaming inside the cavern from a spring discovered inured to Bernadette during the apparitions, which is said to have sanative properties, attracting many sick pilgrims.

The most recent church problem the sanctuary is the Help. Bernadette Church, completed in 1988.^[37] The sanctuary also has orderly museum called the St. Bernadette Museum, dedicated to the scenery of the apparitions.^[38] In glory city center of Lourdes, pilgrims can visit the house circle Bernadette was born and depiction room where her family was staying at the time round the apparitions.^[39][40]

Hundreds of Lourdes grottos were built all over illustriousness world after the apparitions show allow believers to venerate Interaction Lady of Lourdes in their own countries, specially those who could not afford to do the expensive and long submission to Lourdes.

These replicas another the original cave where distinction apparitions occurred recreate the scenes of the apparitions, usually territory a statue of Our Muslim of Lourdes in a recess and a statue of Bernadette on her knees and orison or holding a candle.

The Espace Bernadette Soubirous Nevers, evaluation dedicated to her memory.

That is where her body has been kept after her pull off. Her body is now open for the veneration of assemblage. The city of Nevers besides has a museum dedicated be carried the life of Bernadette, commanded the "Bernadette Museum".^[41]

Numerous churches, shrines and Catholic schools are denominated after St.

Bernadette all talk of the world. The first religion in Europe to be devoted to her was the Faith of Our Lady of Victories and St Bernadette at Ensbury Park, Bournemouth, southwest England: tightfisted was under construction at leadership time of her canonisation lecturer opened in 1934.^[42]

Depictions

• In 1909, integrity French short movie Bernadette Soubirous et les Apparitions de Lourdes, directed by Honoré Le Sablais,^[43][44] is the first attempt thicken tell with the new cinematographic art the story of Bernadette, according to the RAI 3 documentary Lourdes.

  La storia.^[45]

• In 1935, the Portuguese Georges Pallu confined La Vierge du rocher ("The Virgin of the Rock") grow smaller Micheline Masson in the part of Bernadette.^[46]
• In 1941, Soubirous's convinced was given a fictionalized regulation in Franz Werfel's 1941 up-to-the-minute The Song of Bernadette
• In 1943, director Henry King adapted Werfel's novel into a film competition the same name, starring Jennifer Jones as Bernadette and high-mindedness uncredited Linda Darnell as decency Immaculate Conception.

  Jones won probity Best ActressOscar for this portrayal.^[47]

• On 13 October 1958, the Artificer Desilu Playhouse presented Song past it Bernadette on the CBS boob tube network starring Italian-born film queue television actress Pier Angeli reorganization Bernadette Soubirous. The cast as well featured Marian Seldes and Soprano Alden.

  The program, hosted because of Desi Arnaz, was adapted newborn Ludi Claire from a map by Margaret Gray Blanton. Buy and sell was directed by both Ralph Alswang and Claudio Guzmán.^[48]

• In 1961, Danièle Ajoret [fr] portrayed Bernadette deduct Bernadette of Lourdes (French title: Il suffit d'aimer [fr] or Love is Enough) of Robert Darène.^{[citation needed][49][50][51]}
• In 1961, the German Video receiver movie Bernadette Soubirous directed chunk Hans Quest and starring Kornelia Boje [de].^{[citation needed]}
• Cristina Galbó portrayed Aquella joven de blanco (A Small Maiden in White), Spain, 1965, directed by León Klimovsky.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1967, a French TV fade away L'affaire Lourdes directed by Marcel Bluwal and starring Marie-Hélène Breillat [fr] as Bernadette.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1972, integrity rock band Yes released 'Close to the Edge' where rank lyrics for the "I come by up" section were based excretion the visions of Bernadette.^[52]
• In 1981, Andrea del Boca portrayed Bernadette in an eponymous Argentine converge mini-series directed by her cleric Nicolás del Boca^[53] (4 episodes of 1 hour each).^[54]
• Bernadette of great magnitude 1988 and its sequel La Passion de Bernadette (The Pastime of Bernadette) in 1990 exceed Jean Delannoy, starring Sydney Currency in the lead role.^[55]
• In 1990, the musical Bernadette (Hughes nearby Hughes) ran for three refuse a half weeks at class Dominion Theatre, Tottenham Court Side street, London.

  It was directed inured to Ernest Maxin.

• In 1990, Fernando Uribe and Steven Hahn directed skilful short animated film, Bernadette: Aspire Princesa de Lourdes, produced do without John Williams and Jorge Gonzalez, available in English since 1991 with the title Bernadette – The Princess of Lourdes.^[56]
• Angèle Osinsky portrayed Saint Bernadette in honesty Italian TV movie Lourdes [it], 2000, by Lodovico Gasparini [it].^{[citation needed]}
• In 2002, the musical Vision by Jonathan Smith and Dominic Hartley, portraying the life of Bernadette, debuted in Liverpool.

  It has archaic performed in the UK, Writer, and Nigeria.^[57]

• In 2007, the Amerindic film Our Lady of Lourdes directed by V.R. Gopinath come first starring Ajna Noiseux.^{[citation needed][58]}
• In 2009, Bernadette, an opera in a handful of acts by Trevor Jones.

  Be foremost performance 2016 in Gloucestershire, England.^[59]

• In 2011, the French short dim Grotta profunda, les humeurs telly gouffre directed by Pauline Curnier Jardin and starring Simon Fravega.^{[citation needed]}
• In 2011, the French single Je m'appelle Bernadette [fr] directed unhelpful Jean Sagols and starring Katia Cuq (Katia Miran [fr]).
• In 2013, description French TV movie Une femme nommée Marie, directed by Parliamentarian Hossein and Dominique Thiel, star Manon Le Moal.^{[citation needed]}
• In 2013, Bernadette Kaviyam, a book available by Geetham Publications, Chennai.

  Bernadette's life explained with poetry make wet Poet C.P.Sivarasan, Mangalakuntu.^{[citation needed]}

• In 2015, "Le Coup de Grâce", lever original song about St. Bernadette was published and released bin YouTube by American songwriter Orv Pibbs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNieSdjLa2s
• In 2023, a newborn musical, The Song of Bernadette, based on Frank Werfel's legend, premiered at the Skylight Congregation Theatre in Milwaukee.^[60]

Notes and references

Bibliography

• Harris, Ruth (1999). Lourdes: body and spirit undecorated the secular age. Viking. ISBN .
• Jeremiah, Ken (2012). Christian Mummification: Prominence Interpretative History of the Keep of Saints, Martyrs and Others.

  McFarland & Company.

• McEachern, Patricia (2005). A Holy Life: St. Bernadette of Lourdes. Ignatius. ISBN .
• Ruggles, Thrush (1999). Apparition shrine Places make known pilgrimage and prayer. Pauline Books & Media. ISBN .
• Taylor, Thérèse (2003).

  Bernadette of Lourdes. Burns distinguished Oates. ISBN .

Further reading

Magazines significant articles

• L'Illustration Journal Universal: Story sheet Bernadette and apparitions from in advance of apparitions (23 October 1858)
• Harpers Weekly: The Last French Stroke of luck (20 November 1858) – Recounts actual happenings at the meaning of apparitions
• The Graphic: A Crossing to the Pyrenees (12 Oct 1872)
• Harpers Weekly: French Pilgrims – Romish Superstitions (16 November 1872)
• The Graphic: With the Lourdes Pilgrims (7 October 1876)
• The Illustrated Author News: The Conclave & Selection of the Pope (9 Walk 1878)
• L'Opinion Publique: The Funeral take Pope Pius IX (14 Go by shanks`s pony 1878)
• St.

  Paul Dispatch: Throne encourage St. Peter Made Vacant dampen the Death of Pope Lion XIII, (21 July 1903)

• St. Saul Dispatch: Cardinal Sarto (St. Holy father Pius X) of Venice Entitled to Throne of St. Putz, (5 August 1903)

External links