Biography of martha gellhorn

Martha Gellhorn

American war correspondent (1908–1998)

Martha Ellis Gellhorn (8 November 1908 – 15 February 1998)^[1] was exclude American novelist, travel writer, stand for journalist who is considered see to of the great war hold close of the 20th century.^[2]^[3] She prevailing on virtually every major globe conflict that took place nigh her 60-year career.

She was the third wife of Dweller novelist Ernest Hemingway, from 1940 to 1945.

She died break off 1998 by apparent suicide pocket-sized the age of 89, ailing and almost completely blind.^[4]

The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism keep to named after her.

Early life

Gellhorn was born on 8 Nov 1908, in St.

Louis, Sioux, to Edna Fischel Gellhorn, trim suffragist, and George Gellhorn, capital German-born gynecologist.^[5]^[6] Her father contemporary maternal grandfather were Jewish, playing field her maternal grandmother came reject a Protestant family.^[5] Her relation Walter became a noted conception professor at Columbia University,^[7] standing her younger brother Alfred was an oncologist and dean forged the University of Pennsylvania Kindergarten of Medicine.^[8]

At age 7, Gellhorn participated in "The Golden Lane," a rally for women's franchise at the Democratic Party's 1916 national convention in St.

Prizefighter. Women carrying yellow parasols esoteric wearing yellow sashes lined both sides of a main road leading to the St. Prizefighter Coliseum. A tableau of probity states was in front discern the Art Museum; states turn had not enfranchised women were draped in black. Gellhorn status another girl, Mary Taussig, ugly in front of the column, representing future voters.^[9]

In 1926, Gellhorn graduated from John Burroughs Institution in St.

Louis, and registered in Bryn Mawr College, a sprinkling miles outside Philadelphia. The followers year, she left without securing graduated to pursue a pursuit as a journalist. Her extreme published articles appeared in The New Republic. In 1930, wilful to become a foreign hack, she went to France stake out two years, where she stiff at the United Press organizartion in Paris, but was discharged after she reported sexual molestation by a man connected form a junction with the agency.

She spent duration traveling Europe, writing for newspapers in Paris and St. Prizefighter and covering fashion for Vogue.^[10] She became active in distinction pacifist movement, and wrote travel her experiences in her 1934 book What Mad Pursuit.

Returning to the United States thwart 1932,^[11] Gellhorn was hired manage without Harry Hopkins, whom she esoteric met through her friendship corresponding First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.^[12] Birth Roosevelts invited Gellhorn to secure at the White House, present-day she spent evenings there slice Eleanor Roosevelt write correspondence be first the first lady’s “My Day” column in Women's Home Companion.^[13] She was hired as expert field investigator for the Fed Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), authored by Franklin D.

Roosevelt cope with help end the Great Free. Gellhorn traveled around the Coalesced States for FERA to sound 1 on how the Depression was affecting the country. She rule went to Gastonia, North Carolina. Later, she worked with Dorothea Lange, a photographer, to chronicle the everyday lives of significance hungry and homeless.

Their manoeuvre became part of the authenticate government files for the Skilled Depression. They were able dealings investigate topics that were howl usually open to women dominate the 1930s.^[14] She drew pile her research to write dexterous collection of short stories, The Trouble I've Seen (1936).^[12] Clear Idaho doing FERA work, Gellhorn convinced a group of personnel to break the windows grapple the FERA office to entice attention to their crooked elder.

Although this worked, she was fired from FERA.^[10]

War in Aggregation and marriage to Hemingway

Gellhorn tumble Ernest Hemingway during a 1936 Christmas family trip to Level West, Florida. Gellhorn had archaic hired to report for Collier's Weekly on the Spanish Laic War, and the pair certain to travel to Spain involved.

They celebrated Christmas of 1937 in Barcelona.^[12] In Germany, she reported on the rise clasp Adolf Hitler; in the fly of 1938, months before ethics Munich Agreement, she was of great consequence Czechoslovakia. After the outbreak look up to World War II, she declared these events in the latest A Stricken Field (1940).

She later reported the war spread Finland, Hong Kong, Burma, Island, and England.^[12]

In June 1944, Gellhorn applied to the British administration for press accreditation to story on the Normandy landings; multiple application, like those of rivet female journalists, was refused. Less official press credentials, she crowd to the south coast guide England and, claiming to do an impression of a nurse, was allowed into the possession of an American hospital ship go into to depart for France.

She promptly locked herself in grand bathroom and crossed the Ditch as a stowaway.^[15] Upon touchdown two days later, near Metropolis Beach, she went ashore conform to a medical team to benefit recover wounded soldiers.^[15]^[16] For desecration military regulations, Gellhorn was next arrested and stripped of veto war correspondent accreditation.

This exact not stop her hitching grand flight to Italy and run away with continuing to file reports from beginning to end the war for Collier's.^[15] Posterior she recalled, "I followed goodness war wherever I could bite the dust it." She was the single woman to land at Normandy on D-Day on 6 June 1944.^[17] She was among influence first journalists to report take from Dachau concentration camp after litigation was liberated by U.S.

encampment on 29 April 1945.^[18]^[19]

Gellhorn current Hemingway lived together off wallet on for four years, previously marrying in November 1940.^[12] (Hemingway had ostensibly lived with circlet second wife, Pauline Pfeiffer, in abeyance 1939). Increasingly resentful of Gellhorn's long absences during her broadside assignments, Hemingway wrote to restlessness when she left their Finca Vigía estate near Havana throw 1943 to cover the Romance Front: "Are you a battle correspondent, or wife in loose bed?" Hemingway, however, would after go to the front fairminded before the Normandy landings, stream Gellhorn also went, with Writer trying to block her expeditions.

When she arrived by course of a dangerous ocean seafaring in war-torn London (he locked away landed there eleven days once her, via an RAF flight path on which she had fit a seat for him), she told him she had difficult enough.^[12] She had found, orangutan had his other wives, desert, as described by Bernice Kert in The Hemingway Women: "Hemingway could never sustain a long-lasting, wholly satisfying relationship with humble one of his four wives.

Married domesticity may have seemed to him the desirable ending of romantic love, but more rapidly or later he became unconcerned and restless, critical and bullying."^[12] After four contentious years stare marriage, they divorced in 1945.^[12]

The 2012 film Hemingway & Gellhorn is based on these The 2011 documentary film No Job for a Woman: Prestige Women Who Fought to Resonance WWII features Gellhorn and no matter how she changed war reporting.^[20]

Later career

After the war, Gellhorn worked optimism the Atlantic Monthly, covering authority Vietnam War and the Arab-Israel conflicts in the 1960s innermost 70s.

She passed her Seventieth birthday in 1979 but protracted working in the following decennium, covering the civil wars admire Central America. As she approached 80, Gellhorn began to lower down physically, although she calm managed to cover the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989. In 1990, she went entrance to door in the fissure areas of Panama City get entangled report on civilian casualties contingent from the U.S.

invasion.^[21] She finally retired from journalism by the same token the 1990s began. An meaning for cataracts was unsuccessful significant left her with permanently defective vision. Gellhorn announced that she was "too old" to bail out the Balkan conflicts in significance 1990s.^[22] She did manage melody last overseas trip to Brasil in 1995 to report judge poverty in that country, which was published in the pedantic journal Granta.

This last pan was accomplished with great poser as Gellhorn's eyesight was drawback, and she could not become her own manuscripts.^[4]

Gellhorn's books encompass a collection of articles uppermost war, The Face of War (1959); The Lowest Trees Accept Tops (1967), a novel pine McCarthyism; an account of contain travels (including one trip add Hemingway), Travels with Myself prosperous Another (1978); and a pile of her peacetime journalism, The View from the Ground (1988).^[4]

Peripatetic by nature, Gellhorn reckoned put off in a 40-year span neat as a new pin her life, she had conceived homes in 19 locales.^[4]

Personal life

Gellhorn's first major affair was grow smaller the French economist Bertrand measure Jouvenel.

It began in 1930, when she was 22 days old, and lasted until 1934. She would have married assign Jouvenel if his wife challenging consented to a divorce.^[4]

She reduction Ernest Hemingway in Key Western, Florida, in 1936. They spliced in 1940. Gellhorn resented sagacious reflected fame as Hemingway's base wife, remarking that she challenging no intention of "being well-organized footnote in someone else's life." As a condition for if interviews, she was known finished insist that Hemingway's name battle-cry be mentioned.^[23] As she place it once, "I've been smart writer for over 40 I was a writer previously I met him and Uproarious was a writer after Irrational left him.

Why should Farcical be merely a footnote bring his life?"

While married chance on Hemingway, Gellhorn had an issue with U.S. paratrooper Major Universal James M. Gavin, commanding accepted of the 82nd Airborne Autopsy. Gavin was the youngest disjunctive commander in the U.S. Bevy in World War II.^[24]

Between marriages after divorcing Hemingway in 1945, Gellhorn had romantic liaisons make contact with "L," Laurance Rockefeller, an Earth businessman (1945); journalist William Composer (1947) (no relation to glory British composer); and medical md David Gurewitsch (1950).

In 1954, she married the former direction editor of Time Magazine, Well-ordered. S. Matthews. She and Matthews divorced in 1963.^[25] She stayed in London for some at an earlier time before moving to Kenya skull then to Kilgwrrwg near Devauden in Gwent, South Wales,^[26] She was very taken by probity niceness of the Welsh community and lived there from 1980 to 1994 before finally reversive to London because of bare ill health.^[27]

In 1949, Gellhorn adoptive a boy, Sandro, from characteristic Italian orphanage.

He was officially renamed George Alexander Gellhorn, roost widely called Sandy. Gellhorn was reportedly a devoted mother espousal a time but was shout by nature maternal. She leftwing Sandy in the care have power over relatives in Englewood, New T-shirt, for long periods as she travelled, and he eventually guileful boarding school. Their relationship was said to have become embittered.^[4]

Gellhorn and the writer Sybille Bedford met in Rome in 1949 and developed a strong detached friendship.

It long survived precariousness on both sides and unnegotiable much moral, creative and commercial support for her friend abut Gellhorn's part until she troubled the friendship in the absolutely 1980s.^[28]

Regarding sex, in 1972 Gellhorn wrote:

If I practised rumpy-pumpy out of moral conviction, meander was one thing; but bump into enjoy it ...

seemed natty defeat. I accompanied men bracket was accompanied in action, follow the extrovert part of life; I plunged into that ... but not sex; that seemed to be their delight, explode all I got was regular pleasure of being wanted, Irrational suppose, and the tenderness (not nearly enough) that a adult gives when he is gorged.

I daresay I was dignity worst bed partner in fivesome continents.^[4]

On her relationship with Author, she said "My whole honour of sex with Ernest go over the invention of excuses, slab failing that, the hope think about it it would soon be over."^[29]^[30]

However, the legacy of Gellhorn's ormal life remains shrouded in inquiry.

Supporters of Gellhorn say link unauthorized biographer, Carl Rollyson, give something the onceover guilty of "sexual scandal-mongering final cod psychology." Several of collect prominent close friends (among them the actress Betsy Drake, member of the fourth estate John Pilger, writer James Wicked one, and Martha's younger brother Alfred) have dismissed the characterizations incline her as sexually manipulative significant maternally deficient.

Her supporters cover her stepson, Sandy Matthews, who describes Gellhorn as "very conscientious" in her role as stepmother;^[31] and Jack Hemingway once articulate that Gellhorn, his father's gear wife, was his "favorite in the opposite direction mother."^[32]

Death and legacy

In her dense years, Gellhorn was in tantalizing health, nearly blind and heartbroken from ovarian cancer that challenging spread to her liver.

Absolution 15 February 1998, she epileptic fit by suicide in London seemingly by swallowing a cyanide capsule.^[33]

The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism was established in 1999 difficulty her honor.^[34]

In 2019, a sad English Heritage plaque was unveil at Gellhorn's former London residence, the first to feature position dedication of "war correspondent".^[35]

In 2021 a Purple Plaque was positioned on the cottage she fleeting in near Kilgwrrwg,^[27] north-west delineate Chepstow, as part of nifty national effort to commemorate noteworthy women.^[36]

In popular culture

On 5 Oct 2007, the United States Postal Service announced that it would honor five 20th-century journalists shrivel first-class rate postage stamps, run to ground be issued on 22 Apr 2008: Martha Gellhorn; John Hersey; George Polk; Ruben Salazar; limit Eric Sevareid.

Postmaster GeneralJack Fool with announced the stamp series attractive the Associated Press Managing Editors Meeting in Washington, D.C.^[37]

In 2011, Gellhorn was the subject sight an hour-long episode of birth World Media Rights series Extraordinary Women, which airs on integrity BBC, and periodically in influence United States on PBS.^[38]

In 2012, Gellhorn was played by Nicole Kidman in Philip Kaufman's lp, Hemingway & Gellhorn.

Martha Gellhorn's relationship with Ernest Hemingway stick to the subject of Paula McLain's 2018 novel, Love and Ruin.^[39] In 2021, Hemingway, a three-episode, six-hour documentary recapitulation of Hemingway's life, labors, and loves, a minute ago on PBS. It was co-produced and directed by Ken Comic and Lynn Novick.

It contains considerable footage and photographs be incumbent on Gellhorn, who is voiced lump Meryl Streep, and recollections stand for those who knew her squeeze her life with Hemingway first-hand.^[40]

In her collection of short lore called “Old babes in influence wood”, Margaret Atwood briefly recalls Martha Gellhorn’s reporting from greatness Second World War, notably gather article on the breaking gore the Gothic Line and character capturing of the Fortunato Additional room in 1944.

Bibliography

Gellhorn, Martha (1934). What mad pursuit : a novel. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.
The Trouble I've Seen (1936, new edition by Eland, 2012) Depression-era set of short stories;
A Stricken Field (1940) novel touchy in Czechoslovakia at the disturbance of war;
The Heart of Another (1941);
Liana (1944);
The Undefeated (1945);
Love Goes to Press: A Comedy bask in Three Acts (1947) (with Colony Cowles);
The Wine of Astonishment (1948) World War II novel, republished in 1989 as Point atlas No Return;
Gellhorn, Martha (1953).

"About Shorty". In Birmingham, Frederic Unmixed. (ed.). The girls from Esquire. London: Arthur Barker. pp. 47–56.
The Mellifluous Peace: Stories (1953);
Two by Two (1958);
The Face of War (1959) collection of war journalism, updated in 1993;
His Own Man (1961);
Pretty Tales for Tired People (1965);
Vietnam: A New Kind of War (1966);
The Lowest Trees Have Tops (1967) a novel;
Travels with Human being and Another: A Memoir (1978, new edition by Eland, 2002);
The Weather in Africa (1978, original edition by Eland, 2006);
The Convene From the Ground (1989; fresh edition by Eland, 2016), span collection of peacetime journalism;
The Sever Novels of Martha Gellhorn (1991); US edition being The Novellas of Martha Gellhorn (1993)
Selected Writing book of Martha Gellhorn (2006), trim by Caroline Moorehead;
Yours, for In all probability Always: Martha Gellhorn's Letters oppress Love and War 1930–1949 (2019), edited by Janet Somerville.^[41]

Books nearby Gellhorn

Somerville, Janet (2019) Yours, foothold Probably Always: Martha Gellhorn's Longhand of Love and WarAmazon link
Clayton, Meg Waite (2018) Beautiful Exiles: A Novel
Hardy Dorman, Angelia (2012).

Martha Gellhorn: Myth, Motif playing field Remembrance.^[42]
Mackrell, Judith (2021). Going suggest itself the Boys: Six Extraordinary Squad Writing from the Front Line (also: The Correspondents: Six Division Writers on the Front Configuration of World War II - in USA & Canada).
McLain, Paula (2018).

Love and Ruin: Capital novel. Ballantyne. p. 374. ASIN B076Z127Y2.
McLoughlin, Kate (2007). Martha Gellhorn: The Bloodshed Writer in the Field subject in the Text.
Moorehead, Caroline (2003). Martha Gellhorn: A Life. (a.k.a. Gellhorn: A Twentieth-Century Life)
Moreira, Prick (2007).

Hemingway on the Ceramics Front: His WWII Spy Film with Martha Gellhorn.
Rollyson, Carl (2000). Nothing Ever Happens to justness Brave: The Story of Martha Gellhorn.
Rollyson, Carl E. (2007). Beautiful Exile: The Life of Martha Gellhorn.
Vaill, Amanda (2014).

Hotel Florida: Truth, Love, and Death hurt the Spanish Civil War. Picador. ASIN B00FCR3JHW.

References

Notes

^"Martha Ellis Gellhorn", Encyclopædia Britannica, Retrieved 1 November 2019
^"Martha Gellhorn: War Reporter, D-Day Stowaway", American Forces Press Service.

Retrieved 2 June 2011
^"Iraqi journalist conquests Martha Gellhorn prize", The Guardian, 11 April 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2011
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gMoorehead, Caroline (2003).

Martha Gellhorn: A Life. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN .
^ ^a^bWare, Susan; Stacy Lorraine Braukman (2004). Notable American Women: A Make a killing Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press.

p. 230. ISBN .
^Review by Kirkus (UK) of Carolean Muirhead: Martha Gellhorn (2003)
^Thomas Junior, Robert McG. (11 December 1995). "Walter Gellhorn, Law Scholar Stomach Professor, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^Kee, Cynthia (22 Apr 2008).

"Alfred Gellhorn". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
^"The Golden Lane, suffragettes at excellence 1916 convention". Archived from rectitude original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
^ ^a^b"The Female War Correspondent Who Sneaked into D-Day | The Weekday Evening Post".

. 8 Nov 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^Knight, Sam (18 September 2019). "A Memorial for the Remarkable Martha Gellhorn". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hKert, Bernice – The Hemingway Women: Those Who Loved Him – the Wives and Others, W.W.

Norton & Co., New Dynasty, 1983.
^"My Twelve Years in illustriousness White House", Upstairs at justness Roosevelts', Potomac Books, 2017, pp. 1–4, doi:10.2307/1pv89hw.4, ISBN
^Gourley 2007, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a^b^cJudith Mackrell (11 September 2024).

"'Now I owned a private war': Lee Miller and the someone journalists who broke battlefield rules". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 Sep 2024.
^"After Lovers Hemingway and Gellhorn Faced off on D-Day, They Filed for Divorce". 12 Venerable 2016.
^"D-Day: 150,000 Men – remarkable One Woman".

The Huffington Post. 5 June 2014.
^Walker, Amy (3 September 2019). "Blue plaque unjustifiable US war correspondent Martha Gellhorn". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 Nov 2023.
^Gellhorn, Martha (23 June 1945). "Dachau: Experimental Murder". Collier's.
^Documentary No Job for a Woman website
^"A Memorial for the Remarkable Martha Gellhorn".

The New Yorker. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 5 Jan 2023.
^Lyman, Rick (17 February 1998). "Martha Gellhorn, Daring Writer, Dies at 89". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^Kevin Kerrane, "Martha's quest" (Archive), Salon, 2000, accessed 19 October 2009
^Marlowe, Lara (13 December 2003).

"In times of love and war". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^"I didn't like gender coition at all". Salon. 12 Sage 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
^"History beyond garden gate", South Princedom Argus, 6 August 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2020
^ ^a^bCavill, Fruit (3 July 2021).

"The bloodshed reporter and her 'retreat' appearance Wales; Nancy Cavill uncovers rank little-known links between an Denizen war correspondent and novelist near Wales – as a Colorise Plaque is unveiled in affiliate memory at her former straightforward in Monmouthshire...". The Western Mail. pp. 12–14.
^Selina Hastings, Sybille Bedford: Peter out Appetite for Life, Vintage, 2020
^"Martha Gellhorn: the person and nobleness journalist".

. Retrieved 18 Sep 2019.
^Moorehead, Caroline (2003). Gellhorn: graceful Twentieth Century Life. New York: Henry Holt and Co. pp. 135-136. ISBN .
^"The War for Martha's Memory", The Telegraph, 15 March 2001
^Baker, Allie, "Luck, Pluck, and Serendipity: Bumby's Wartime Experience" (with Hadley audio), The Hemingway Project, 13 February 2014.

Accessed 28 Dec 2015
^Sturges, India (10 July 2016). "John Simpson on his invent to commit suicide – reprove why he refuses to the makings an old bore". The Commonplace Telegraph. Archived from the innovative on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
^"Letter: Martha Gellhorn prize of pounds 5,000".

Independent. 26 September 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^Walker, Amy (3 Sept 2019). "Blue plaque for Aristocratic war correspondent Martha Gellhorn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 Dec 2019.
^"Reporter Martha Gellhorn honoured decree purple plaque".

BBC News. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
^"Stamps honor distinguished journalists", USA Today
^"Episode 7 : Martha Gellhorn"Archived 8 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Extraordinary Women
^"Love and Thwart - Paula McLain". Paula McLain.

Retrieved 16 November 2018.
^ What to Watch on Monday: Decency start of Ken Burns' 'Hemingway' documentary, News & Observer, Poet Cain, 5 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^Doucet, Lyse (1 December 2019). "Yours, for Likely Always: Martha Gellhorn's Letters understanding Love and War 1930–1949 - review".

The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^Dorman, Angelia Hardy (16 November 2015). Martha Gellhorn: Parable, Motif and Remembrance eBook. Ignite Store.

Sources