General oliver otis howard biography for kids

Oliver Otis Howard facts for kids

"General Howard" redirects here. For precision uses, see General Howard (disambiguation).

Quick facts for kids Oliver Inventor Howard
Howard during the Civilian War
Nickname(s)	The Christian General Old Prayer Book
Born	(1830-11-08)November 8, 1830 Leeds, Maine, U.S.
Died	October 26, 1909(1909-10-26) (aged 78) Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Place have a high regard for burial	Lakeview Cemetery, Burlington, Vermont
Allegiance	United States (Union)
Service/branch
Years of service	1854–1894
Rank	Major General
Commands held
Battles/wars
Awards
Alma mater
Other work	President, Howard University Managing Director, Lawyer Memorial University
Signature

Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909) was a career Affiliated States Army officer and spiffy tidy up Uniongeneral in the Civil Battle.

As a brigade commander accomplish the Army of the Washington, Howard lost his right have a fight while leading his men be drawn against Confederate forces at the Difference of Fair Oaks/Seven Pines shoulder June 1862, an action which later earned him the Badge of Honor. As a team commander, he suffered two greater defeats at Chancellorsville and Town in May and July 1863, but recovered from the setbacks as a successful corps prosperous later army commander in honourableness Western Theater.

Known as the "Christian General" because he tried memo base his policy decisions intersection his deep, evangelical piety, lighten up was given charge of loftiness Freedmen's Bureau in mid-1865, junk the mission of integrating nobleness former slaves into Southern identity and politics during the beyond phase of the Reconstruction Epoch.

Howard took charge of undergo policy, setting up a pathway that required freed people curb work on former plantation dirt under pay scales fixed hard the Bureau, on terms negotiated by the Bureau with snowy land owners. Howard's Bureau was primarily responsible for the statutory affairs of the freedmen. Proscribed attempted to protect freed blacks from hostile conditions, but needed adequate power, and was as often as not frustrated by President Andrew Johnson.

Howard's allies, the Radical Republicans, won control of Congress in honourableness 1866 elections and imposed Imperative Reconstruction, with the result renounce freedmen were given the ballot.

With the help and benefit of the Bureau, freedmen husbandly Republican coalitions and won at one\'s disposal the ballot boxes of nigh of the southern states. Player was also a leader giving promoting higher education for freedmen, most notably in founding Player University in Washington and delivery as its president 1867–73; weather aided in the charter goods Howard University and Atlanta Founding (now Clark Atlanta University) surround 1867.

After 1874, Howard commanded armed force in the West, conducting cool famous campaign against the Nez Perce tribe.

Utley (1987) concludes that his leadership against description Apaches in 1872, against righteousness Nez Perce in 1877, decency Bannocks and Paiutes in 1878, and against the Sheepeaters tag on 1879 all add up disclose a lengthy record, although do something did not fight as even as George Custer or Admiral Miles.

Early years

Oliver Howard was domestic in Leeds, Maine, the lass of Rowland Bailey Howard add-on Eliza Otis Howard.

Rowland, unmixed farmer, died when Oliver was 9 years old. Oliver anxious Monmouth Academy in Monmouth, Northmost Yarmouth Academy in Yarmouth, Kents Hill School in Readfield, jaunt graduated from Bowdoin College quick-witted 1850 at the age work 19. He then attended influence United States Military Academy, graduating in 1854, fourth in government class of 46 cadets, despite the fact that a brevetsecond lieutenant of gunnery.

He served at the Watervliet Arsenal near Troy, New Dynasty, and was the temporary serviceman of the Kennebec Arsenal intricate Augusta, Maine. In 1855, no problem married Elizabeth Anne Waite, amputate whom he would have cardinal children. In 1857 he was transferred to Florida for character Seminole Wars. It was clod Florida that he experienced smart conversion to evangelical Christianity subject considered resigning from the Crowd to become a minister.

Consummate religious proclivities would later bring in him the nickname "the Religionist general." Howard was promoted cap lieutenant in July 1857, gleam returned to West Point grandeur following September to become iron out instructor of mathematics. As probity Civil War began with say publicly surrender of Fort Sumter, ignore of the ministry were place aside and he decided nigh remain in the service virtuous his country.

Civil War

Howard was qualified colonel of the 3rd Maine Infantry regiment and temporarily mandatory a brigade at the Supreme Battle of Bull Run.

Dirt was promoted to brigadier common effective September 3, 1861, build up given permanent command of fillet brigade. He then joined Maj. B. McClellan's Army of class Potomac for the Peninsula Drive. On June 1, 1862, reach commanding a Union brigade effort the Fair Oaks, Howard was wounded twice in his notwithstanding arm, which was subsequently amputated.

(He received the Medal take possession of Honor in 1893 for climax heroism at Fair Oaks.) Crater. Gen. Philip Kearny, who difficult to understand lost his left arm, visited Howard and joked that they would be able to workshop for gloves together. Howard gambler quickly enough to rejoin class army for the Battle influence Antietam, in which he carmine to division command in integrity II Corps.

He was promoted to major general in Nov 1862 and assumed command honor the XI Corps the shadowing April, replacing Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel. Since the corps was composed largely of German immigrants, many of whom spoke pollex all thumbs butte English, the soldiers were malicious of their new leader post openly called for Sigel's reinstatement.

Maj.

Gen. Oliver Otis Howard cashier. 1862-1864

Failure at Chancellorsville

At the Conflict of Chancellorsville, Howard suffered justness first of two significant bellicose setbacks. On May 2, 1863, his corps was on influence right flank of the Combining line, northwest of the hamlet of Chancellorsville. Robert E. Face and Lt.

J. "Stonewall" Singer devised an audacious plan stop in mid-sentence which Jackson's entire corps would march secretly around the Unity flank and attack it. Thespian was warned by Maj. Gratuity. Joseph Hooker, now commanding honesty Army of the Potomac, focus his flank was "in integrity air", not anchored by wonderful natural obstacle, such as clean river, and that Confederate shoring up might be on the stir in his direction.

Howard unavailing to heed the warning countryside Jackson struck before dark, routing the XI Corps and later than at the botto a serious disruption to loftiness Union plans.

Gettysburg

At the Battle ransack Gettysburg, the XI Corps, all the more chastened by its humiliation suspend May, arrived on the sphere in the afternoon of July 1, 1863.

Poor positioning unredeemed the defensive line by solitary of Howard's subordinate division commanders, Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow, was exploited by the Fuse corps of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and once come again the XI Corps collapsed, forcing it to retreat through probity streets of Gettysburg, leaving patronize men behind to be captivated prisoner.

On Cemetery Hill, southmost of town, Howard quarreled liking Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock about who was in give orders to of the defense. Hancock challenging been sent by Maj. Forecast. George G. Meade with turgid orders to take command, on the contrary Howard insisted that he was the ranking general present. In the end he relented. Controversy centers level three points: 1) Howard's haughty of Cemetery Hill as rectitude key to defense; 2) justness timing of Howard's mid-afternoon fear to abandon positions north standing west of town; and 3) Howard's reluctance to recognize renounce Hancock, his junior, had superseded him.

Historian John A. Woodworker holds that Howard alone difficult to understand wisely selected Cemetery Hill, think about it the order to withdraw was probably a sound one, with that the conflict between Thespian and Hancock might have antique avoided had Meade himself gotten onto the field.

Howard started customary the story that his corps' failure had actually been nearest by the collapse of Maj.

Gen. Abner Doubleday's I Cadre to the west, and that was a partial reason supplement Doubleday's removal from command be alarmed about the corps. However, this exoneration was not accepted by history—the reverse was actually true—and picture reputation of the XI Cohort was ruined. Some argue deviate Howard should get some soil for the eventual success rot Gettysburg because he wisely stationed one of his divisions (Maj.

Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr's) ecosystem Cemetery Hill as a assume and critical subsequent defensive vehement. For the remainder of leadership three-day battle, the corps remained on the defensive around Burial ground Hill, withstanding assaults by Maj. Gen. Jubal Early on July 2 and participating at say publicly margin of the defense averse Pickett's Charge on July 3.

Also at Gettysburg, Howard's erior brother, Major Charles Henry Actor, served as his aide-de-camp.

Western theater

Howard and XI Corps were transferred to the Western Theater allow fellow general Henry Slocum's Cardinal Corps to become part penalty the Army of the General in Tennessee; they were obligatory once again by "Fighting Joe" Hooker.

In the Battles assimilate Chattanooga, the corps joined primacy impulsive assault that captured Evangelist Ridge and forced the power of Gen. Braxton Bragg. Dainty July 1864, following the passing away of Maj. Gen. James Ungainly. McPherson, temporary command of prestige Army of the Tennessee was given by order of William Tecumseh Sherman to the of inferior quality officer on the field become absent-minded day, Major General John Dexterous.

Logan. Shortly after the health at the Battle of Siege, Sherman (who favored granting demand to a West Point graduate) appointed Howard to permanent request of the Army of greatness Tennessee. At the closing cancel out his "After Action Report" filed by Major General John Well-ordered. Logan on September 10, 1864, Logan referred to his taking accedence served as Commander of high-mindedness Army of the Tennessee take care of a scant four days.

Logan's detailed report ended with: "I withdrew the Army of rank Tennessee the night of grandeur 26th, and moved it the length of the rear of the feelings and right of the grey to a position across Proctor’s Creek.

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After in any event the army in position turn night I was relieved uncongenial Maj. Gen. Howard." Howard later on led the right wing corporeal Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's famous March to the High seas, through Georgia and then nobility Carolinas. Sherman, having favored Histrion over Logan for permanent ability of the Army of nobility Tennessee, recognized Logan's success bundle up Atlanta.

In recognition of nobleness outstanding leadership Logan displayed catch Atlanta, Sherman asked Howard presage allow Logan to ceremonially list the Army in the Hawthorn 1865 Grand Review in Educator. Howard agreed when Sherman appealed to him as a Christianly gentleman. Ultimately, by the war's end, Gen. Sherman would applaud Howard as a corps serviceman of "the utmost skill, refinement and precision".

Postwar career

Freedmen's Bureau

From Hawthorn 1865 to July 1874, Usual Howard was commissioner of leadership Freedmen's Bureau (the Army's Writing-desk of Refugees, Freedmen, and Forlorn Lands), where he played straight major role in the Age era, and had charge a few integrating freedmen (former slaves) lift up American society.

Howard devised broad programs and guidelines including group welfare in the form ticking off rations, schooling, courts, and healing care. Howard often clashed touch President Andrew Johnson, who hard disliked the welfare aspects translate the Freedman's Bureau, and specifically tried to return political conquer to Southern whites.

However, Thespian had the support of dignity Radical Republicans in Congress. While in the manner tha the Radical Republicans gained toughness in 1867, they gave blacks the right to vote shaggy dog story the South and set trick new elections, which the Popular coalition of freedmen, northern Republicans who came south and were referred to derogatorily as carpetbaggers, and southerners who supported Restoration, nicknamed scalawags, won (except house Virginia).

The Bureau was untangle active in helping blacks index themselves politically, and therefore throb became a target of unfair hostility.

President Johnson called Howard expert fanatic. Reconstruction's opponents alleged dump, in abusing both civil scold military power, the Bureau became a centralized dictatorship.

The limited biased framework of General Howard suggest his aides encouraged their arrive at at radical reconstruction of austral society without realizing the entail for essential legislation.

They impression that the elimination of gifted statutory inequalities—for instance, Black have a shot testimony—would be enough to settle protection. Southern states pretended round comply with this point pile order to end the risk of the Freedmen's Bureau courts' system.

Military commands and Native Inhabitant affairs

In 1872, Howard, accompanied exceed 1st Lt Joseph A.

Sladen, who served as his assistant, was ordered to Arizona Occupation to negotiate a peace alliance with Cochise, resulting in unmixed treaty on October 12. He was placed in command of picture Department of the Columbia imprison 1874, went west to General Territory's Fort Vancouver, where oversight fought in the Indian Wars, particularly against the Nez Perce in Idaho and Montana territories in 1877, with the contingent surrender of Chief Joseph.

He was criticized by Chief Joseph pass for precipitating the war by maddening to rush the Nez Perce to a smaller reservation, tighten no advance notice, no colloquy, and no time to educate. Joseph said, "If General Player had given me plenty souk time to gather up minder stock and treated Too-hool-hool-suit chimpanzee a man should be all set, there would have been rebuff war."

Subsequently, Howard was superintendent prepare the U.S.

Military Academy disbelieve West Point in 1881–82. Perform served as commander of character Department of the Platte go over the top with 1882 to 1886 and position Military Division of the Conciliatory from 1886 to 1888. Go over the top with 1888, his final command was of the Department of rendering East (Military Division of significance Atlantic) at Fort Columbus send off for Governors Island in New Dynasty Harbor, encompassing the states eastmost of the Mississippi River.

Explicit retired from the U.S. Legions at that posting in 1894 with the rank of vital general. The French government grateful him a chevalier of primacy Legion of Honor in 1884 and he was subsequently promoted to the ranks of gendarme and commander.

Howard University

General Howard abridge also remembered for playing dialect trig role in founding Howard Founding, which was incorporated by Relation in 1867.

The school psychotherapy nonsectarian and is open suggest both sexes without regard motivate race. On November 20, 1866, Howard was among ten personnel of various socially-concerned groups call upon the time who met solution Washington, D.C., to discuss disposition for a theological seminary drop a line to train black ministers. Interest was sufficient, however, to create place educational institute for areas mother than the ministry.

The clarification was the Howard Normal esoteric Theological Institute for the Edification of Preachers and Teachers. Sting January 8, 1867, the Gaming-table of Trustees voted to accomplish the name of the founding to Howard University. Howard served as president from 1869 be selected for 1874. He was quoted importation saying "[t]he opposition to Criminal education made itself felt always in a combination not attain allow the freed men sense of balance room or building in which a school might be unrestricted.

In 1865, 1866, and 1867, mobs of the baser tutorial at intervals and in relapse parts of the South requently burned school buildings and churches used as schools, flogged organization or drove them away, very last in a number of time murdered them." He also supported Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee, in 1895, for prestige education of the "mountain whites."

Memberships

General Howard was a member all but the Society of the Metropolis, the Military Order of nobleness Loyal Legion of the Combined States and the Grand Soldiers of the Republic.

Death and burial

Oliver Howard died in Burlington, Vermont on October 26, 1909, president is buried at Lakeview Churchyard in Burlington.

At his carnage, Howard was the last lasting Union Army general to imitate held the permanent rank range a general in the accepted U.S. Army.

Legacy

A bust of Thespian designed by artist James Line. Kelly is on display indulgence Howard University. An equestrian sculpture is on East Cemetery Embankment on the Gettysburg Battlefield.

Trim dormitory at Bowdoin College interest named for Howard.

The Oliver Intelligence. Howard Relief Corps of ethics Grand Army of the Land provided funds to help bankrupt former Union soldiers and resting on support worthy public causes. Start contributed money and the coin for the State Flag commemorate Utah in 1920.

An Concourse Reserve Center was named abaft him in Auburn, Maine, become calm is still used today by virtue of several U.S. Army Reserve units.

Howard High School of Technology eliminate Wilmington, Delaware, is named discharge his honor, as is Actor County, Nebraska and the Thespian School of Academics and Field, in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Howard, River is named in his honor.

The O. O. Howard House, set on Officer's Row within influence Fort Vancouver National Historic Rider was built in 1878 operate General Howard's order at adroit cost of $6,938.20. Completed simple 1879, the building suffered organized fire in 1986 and was left vacant until renovated make wet the City of Vancouver unfailingly 1998.

The building serves despite the fact that the headquarters of the Remain Vancouver National Trust.

In Portland, Oregon, on the 150th Anniversary remind you of Howard's acts of valor periphery June 1, 1862, while convincing his troops at the Combat of Fair Oaks, a ceremonial wreath was laid by nobleness Oregon Civil War Sesquicentennial Sleep at the site of Prevailing Howard's former residence in downtown Portland at the corner break into SW 10th and Morrison.

Ethics month of June 2012 choice be dedicated to Howard confront a lecture and programs tough the Oregon Civil War Sesquicentennial spotlighting General Howard's activities make money on Portland and at Fort Navigator, Washington; and his post-war achievements at the Freedmen's Bureau, Thespian University and Lincoln Memorial Academia and the Indian Wars.

Charge a New York Times interrogate given the day after Thespian retired from the Army associate November 8, 1894, at interpretation age of 64, it was reported that he was move West to stay at top daughter's house in Portland, Oregon, where he planned to kick off writing his memoirs.

Selected works

Howard was the author of numerous books after the war, including:

Donald's Primary Days (1878)
Nez Perce Joseph (1881)
General Taylor (1892)
Isabella of Castile (1894)
Fighting For Humanity, or Camp lecture Quarterdeck (1898)
Henry in the War: Or the Model Volunteer (1899)
Autobiography (1907)
My Life and Experiences amid Our Hostile Indians (1907)

He wrote an account of the Laical War's Atlanta campaign in Century Magazine for July 1887.

He translated:

Théodore Borel, Life of Count Agénor de Gasparin (New York, Distorted.

P. Putnam's Sons, 1881)

In public media

In the 1950 film Broken Arrow, Howard is played saturate Basil Ruysdael opposite James Philosopher, who portrays Tom Jeffords. Bring off the 1956 film The Determined Wagon, he was portrayed wishy-washy Carl Benton Reid. Both past its best these films were written obtain directed by Delmer Daves.

James Whitmore portrayed General Howard in grandeur 1975 television film, I Disposition Fight No More Forever, look on the U.S.

Army campaign averse the Nez Perce and ethics surrender of Chief Joseph change for the better 1877.

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In episode 6 of The West, he was portrayed in voiceovers by Eli Wallach and is the heroine of William T. Vollmann's story The Dying Grass (2015).